arXiv subjects

Raffaella Schneider

Publications and source records attributed to Raffaella Schneider.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2023

Are we surprised to find SMBHs with JWST at z > 9?

JWST is unveiling for the first time accreting black holes (BHs) with masses of 10^6 - 10^7 Msun at z > 4, with the most distant residing in GNz11 at z = 10.6. Are we really surprised to find them in the nuclei of z = 5 - 11 galaxies? Here we predict the properties of 4 < z < 11 BHs and their host galaxies considering an Eddington-limited (EL) and a super-Eddington (SE) BH accretion scenario, using the Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT) semi-analytical model. We calculate the transmitted spectral energy distribution of CAT synthetic candidates, representative of the BH/galaxy properties of GNz11. We also examine the possibility that the z = 8.7 galaxy CEERS-1019 could host an active BH. We find that the luminosity of high-z JWST detected BHs are better reproduced by the SE model, where BHs descend from efficiently growing light and heavy seeds. Conversely, the host galaxy stellar masses are better matched in the EL model, in which all the systems detectable with JWST surveys JADES and CEERS descend from heavy BH seeds. We support the interpretation that the central point source of GNz11 could be powered by a SE (lambda_Edd = 2 - 3) accreting BH with mass 1.5 10^6 Msun, while the emission from CEERS-1019 is dominated by the host galaxy; if it harbours an active BH, we find it to have a mass of M_BH = 10^7 Msun, and to be accreting at sub-Eddington rates (lambda_Edd = 0.5).

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be a transformative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy, and, as such, it will offer unique opportunities to address many key astrophysical questions in a completely novel way. The synergy with ground-based and space-born instruments in the electromagnetic domain, by enabling multi-messenger observations, will add further to the discovery potential of LISA. The next decade is crucial to prepare the astrophysical community for LISA's first observations. This review outlines the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations that are instrumental for modeling and interpreting the upcoming LISA datastream. To this aim, the current knowledge in three main source classes for LISA is reviewed; ultracompact stellar-mass binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme or intermediate mass ratio inspirals. The relevant astrophysical processes and the established modeling techniques are summarized. Likewise, open issues and gaps in our understanding of these sources are highlighted, along with an indication of how LISA could help making progress in the different areas. New research avenues that LISA itself, or its joint exploitation with upcoming studies in the electromagnetic domain, will enable, are also illustrated. Improvements in modeling and analysis approaches, such as the combination of numerical simulations and modern data science techniques, are discussed. This review is intended to be a starting point for using LISA as a new discovery tool for understanding our Universe.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2023

An empirical study of dust properties at the earliest epochs

We present an empirical analysis of the properties of dust-continuum emission in a sample of 17 galaxies in the early Universe ($4 < z < 8$) with well-sampled far-infrared (FIR) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) compiled from the literature. We place our results into context by self-consistently comparing to samples of nearby star-forming galaxies, luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), and quasars. With the exception of two sources, we find no significant evolution in the dust emissivity index across cosmic time, measuring a consistent value of $β_\text{IR} = 1.8 \pm 0.3$ at $z > 4$, suggesting the effective dust properties do not change dramatically for most galaxies. Despite having comparable stellar masses, we find the high-redshift galaxies to be similar to, or even more extreme than, LIRGs in the HERUS sample in terms of dust temperature ($T_\text{dust} > 40 \, \mathrm{K}$) and IR luminosity ($L_\text{IR} > 10^{11} \, \mathrm{L_\odot}$). We find the dust temperature evolves mildly towards high redshift, though the LIRGs and quasars exhibit elevated temperatures indicating a more efficient and/or additional heating mechanism. Where available, we compare stellar-mass estimates to our inferred dust masses, whose degeneracy with dust temperature can only be mitigated with a well-constrained SED. In merely half of the cases the dust yield may be explained by supernovae alone, with four sources ($44\%$) significantly exceeding a highly optimistic yield where $M_\text{dust} \approx 0.01 M_*$. We discuss possible explanations for this apparent inconsistency and potential observational biases in the measurements of the dust properties of high-redshift galaxies, including in the current IR-bright sample.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

A needle in a haystack? Catching Pop III stars in the Epoch of Reionization: I. Pop III star forming environments

Despite extensive search efforts, direct observations of the first (Pop III) stars have not yet succeeded. Theoretical studies have suggested that late Pop III star formation is still possible in pristine clouds of high-mass galaxies, coexisting with Pop II stars, down to the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Here we reassess this finding by exploring Pop III star formation in six $50h^{-1} ~$cMpc simulations performed with the hydrodynamical code dustyGadget. We find that Pop III star formation ($\sim 10^{-3.4} - 10^{-3.2} ~ \mathrm{M_\odot yr^{-1} cMpc^{-3}}$) is still occurring down to $z \sim 6 - 8$, i.e. well within the reach of deep JWST surveys. At these epochs, $\gtrsim 10 \%$ of the rare massive galaxies with $M_\star \gtrsim 3 \times 10^9 ~ \mathrm{M_\odot}$ are found to host Pop III stars, although with a Pop III/Pop II mass fraction $\lesssim 0.1 \%$. Regardless of their mass, Pop III hosting galaxies are mainly found on the main sequence, at high star formation rates, probably induced by accretion of pristine gas. This scenario is also supported by their increasing star formation histories and their preferential location in high-density regions of the cosmic web. Pop III stars are found both in the outskirts of metal-enriched regions and in isolated, pristine clouds. In the latter case, their signal may be less contaminated by Pop IIs, although its detectability will strongly depend on the specific line-of-sight to the source, due to the complex morphology of the host galaxy and its highly inhomogeneous dust distribution.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos

We estimate the fraction of halos that host supermassive black holes (SMBHs) forming through the direct collapse (DC) scenario by using cosmological N -body simulations combined with a semi-analytic model for galaxy evolution. While in most of earlier studies the occurrence of the DC is limited only in chemically pristine halos, we here suppose that the DC can occur also in halos with metallicity below a threshold value $Z_{\rm th} = 0$--$10^{-3}~{\rm Z}_{\bigodot}$, considering the super-competitive accretion pathway for DC black hole (DCBH) formation. In addition, we consider for the first time the effect of Lyman-Werner (LW) radiation from stars within host halos, i.e., internal radiation. We find that, with low threshold metallicities of $Z_{\rm th} \leq 10^{-4}~{\rm Z}_{\bigodot}$, the inclusion of internal radiation rather reduces the number density of DCBHs from $0.2$--$0.3$ to $0.03$--$0.06~{\rm Mpc}^{-3}$. This is because star formation is suppressed due to self-regulation, and the LW flux emitted by neighboring halos is reduced. Only when $Z_{\rm th}$ is as high as $10^{-3}~{\rm Z}_{\bigodot}$, internal radiation enhances the number density of DCBHs from $0.4$ to $1~{\rm Mpc}^{-3}$, thereby decreasing the threshold halo mass above which at least one DCBH forms from $2\times 10^{9}$ to $9\times 10^{8}~{\rm M}_{\bigodot}$. We also find that halos with $M_{\rm halo} \gtrsim 10^{11}$--$10^{12}~{\rm M}_{\bigodot}$ can host more than one DCBH at $z = 0$. This indicates that the DC scenario alone can explain the observed number of SMBH-hosting galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

Cold Dust and Low [OIII]/[CII] Ratios: an Evolved Star-forming Population at Redshift 7

We present new ALMA Band 8 (rest-frame $90\,μ$m) observations of three massive ($M_\star \approx 10^{10}\,M_\odot$) galaxies at $z\approx7$ previously detected in [CII]$158\,μ$m and underlying dust continuum emission in the Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey (REBELS). We detect the dust continuum emission of two of our targets in Band 8 (REBELS-25 and REBELS-38), while REBELS-12 remains undetected. Through modified blackbody fitting we determine cold dust temperatures ($T_\mathrm{dust} \approx 30 - 35\,$K) in both of the dual-band detected targets, given a fiducial model of optically thin emission with $β= 2.0$. Their dust temperatures are lower than most $z\sim7$ galaxies in the literature, and consequently their dust masses are higher ($M_\mathrm{dust} \approx 10^{8}\,M_\odot$). Nevertheless, these large dust masses are still consistent with predictions from models of dust production in the early Universe. In addition, we target and detect [OIII]$88\,μ$m emission in both REBELS-12 and REBELS-25, and find $L_\mathrm{[OIII]} / L_\mathrm{[CII]}$ ratios of approximately unity, low compared to the $L_\mathrm{[OIII]} / L_\mathrm{[CII]} \gtrsim 2 - 10$ observed in the known $z\gtrsim6$ population thus far. We argue the lower line ratios are due to a comparatively weaker ionizing radiation field resulting from the less starbursty nature of our targets. This low burstiness supports the cold dust temperatures and below average $\mathrm{[OIII]}λ\lambda4959,5007 + \mathrm{H}β$ equivalent widths of REBELS-25 and REBELS-38, compared to the known high-redshift population. Overall, this provides evidence for the existence of a massive, dust-rich galaxy population at $z\approx7$ which has previously experienced vigorous star formation, but is currently forming stars in a steady, as opposed to bursty, manner.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

The role of Pop III stars and early black holes in the 21cm signal from Cosmic Dawn

Modeling the 21cm global signal from the Cosmic Dawn is challenging due to the many poorly constrained physical processes that come into play. We address this problem using the semi-analytical code "Cosmic Archaeology Tool" (CAT). CAT follows the evolution of dark matter halos tracking their merger history and provides an ab initio description of their baryonic evolution, starting from the formation of the first (Pop III) stars and black holes (BHs) in mini-halos at z > 20. The model is anchored to observations of galaxies and AGN at z < 6 and predicts a reionization history consistent with constraints. In this work we compute the evolution of the mean global 21cm signal between $4\leq z \leq 40$ based on the rate of formation and emission properties of stars and accreting black holes. We obtain an absorption profile with a maximum depth $δ{\rm T_b} = -95$ mK at $z \sim 26.5$ (54 MHz). This feature is quickly suppressed turning into an emission signal at $z = 20$ due to the contribution of accreting BHs that efficiently heat the IGM at $z < 27$. The high-$z$ absorption feature is caused by the early coupling between the spin and kinetic temperature of the IGM induced by Pop III star formation episodes in mini-halos. Once we account for an additional radio background from early BHs, we are able to reproduce the timing and the depth of the EDGES signal only if we consider a smaller X-ray background from accreting BHs, but not the shape.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2022

Seeking the growth of the first black hole seeds with JWST

In this paper we provide predictions for the BH population that would be observable with planned JWST surveys at $5 \le z \le 15$. We base our study on the recently developed Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT), which allows us to model BH seeds formation and growth, while being consistent with the general population of AGNs and galaxies observed at $4 \le z \le 7$. We find that JWST planned surveys will provide a complementary view on active BHs at $z > 5$, with JADES-Medium/-Deep being capable of detecting the numerous BHs that populate the faint-end of the distribution, COSMOS-Web sampling a large enough area to detect the rarest brightest systems, and CEERS/PRIMER bridging the gap between these two regimes. The relatively small field of view of the above surveys preferentially selects BHs with masses $6 \leq {\rm Log} (M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) < 8$ at $7 \le z < 10$, residing in relatively metal poor (${\rm Log} (Z/Z_\odot) \ge -2$) and massive ($8\leq {\rm Log} (M_*/M_\odot) < 10$) galaxies. At $z \ge 10$, only JADES-Deep will have the sensitivity to detect growing BHs with masses $4 \leq {\rm Log} (M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) < 6$, hosted by more metal poor ($-3 \leq {\rm Log} (Z/Z_\odot) < -2$) and less massive ($6 \leq {\rm Log} (M_*/M_\odot) < 8$) galaxies. In our model, the latter population corresponds to heavy BH seeds formed by the direct collapse of super-massive stars in their earliest phases of mass growth. Detecting these systems would provide invaluable insights on the nature and early growth of the first BH seeds.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

Super-critical accretion of medium-weight seed black holes in gaseous proto-galactic nuclei

Accretion at sustained or episodic super-Eddington (SE) rates has been proposed as a pathway to grow efficiently light seeds produced by Pop-III stars. We investigate if SE accretion can be sustained onto a black hole (BH) with $M_{\odot} \sim 10^3$~M$_{\odot}$ in the centre of a gas-rich proto-galaxy at $z=15$. We perform high-resolution smoothed-particle hydrodynamical simulations, including two different sub-grid models for SE accretion, one based on the slim disc paradigm, and one inspired by recent radiation-magnetohydrodynamical simulations by Jiang and collaborators. Radiative feedback has the form of a thermal dump to surrounding gas particles, with the radiative efficiency being set according to the different SE accretion models. We find that, in all simulations, star formation, BH feedback, and interactions between clumps and the BH rapidly quench accretion after $\sim$1~Myr, irrespective of the sub-grid model used for accretion. Quenching is stronger in the model based on the simulations of Jiang and collaborators relative to the slim disc model because of its higher radiative efficiency. The SE growth phase is always very brief, lasting a few 0.1~Myr. In the most optimistic case, the BH reaches a mass of $\sim$10$^4$~M$_{\odot}$. We extrapolate the final BH masses from $z=15$ to $z\sim6$, assuming subsequent galaxy mergers will replenish the gas reservoir and trigger new cycles of SE accretion. We find that at most BH seeds would grow to $\sim$10$^6$~M$_{\odot}$, comparable to the mass of massive BHs in spiral galaxies such as the Milky Way, but falling short of the mass of the high-redshift quasars.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments

We study the genesis and evolution of super-massive black hole (SMBH) seeds through different formation channels, from PopIII remnants to massive seeds, modeled within the L-Galaxies semi-analytic code. We run the model on the Millennium-II simulation (MR-II) merger trees, as their halo-mass resolution (M_{vir,res}~10^7 Msun h^-1) allows to study in a cosmological volume (L_{box=100 Mpc h^-1) the evolution of atomic-cooling halos (T_{vir}>10^4 K) where intermediate-mass and heavy seeds are expected to form. We track the formation of these seeds according to spatial variations of the chemical and radiative feedback of star formation. Not being able to resolve the first mini-halos (T_{vir}~10^3 K), we inherit evolved PopIII remnants in a sub-grid fashion, using the results of the GQd model. We also include the formation of heavy seeds in gas-rich massive mergers, who are very rare in the MR-II volume. The descendants of light seeds numerically prevail among our SMBHs population at all masses and z. Heavier seeds form in dense environments where close neighbors provide the required UV illumination. Overall, our model produces a z=0 SMBHs population whose statistical properties meet current constraints. We find that the BH occupation fraction highly depends on the seeding efficiency and that the scaling relation between BH and stellar mass, in the dwarf-mass regime, is flatter than in the high-mass range. Finally, a fraction of BHs hosted in local dwarf galaxies never grow since they form at z>6.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

The ALMA REBELS Survey: Dust Continuum Detections at z > 6.5

We report 18 dust continuum detections ($\geq 3.3σ$) at $\sim88{\rm μm}$ and $158{\rm μm}$ out of 49 ultraviolet(UV)-bright galaxies ($M_{\rm UV} < -21.3$ mag) at $z>6.5$, observed by the Cycle-7 ALMA Large Program, REBELS and its pilot programs. This has more than tripled the number of dust continuum detections known at $z>6.5$. Out of these 18 detections, 12 are reported for the first time as part of REBELS. In addition, 15 of the dust continuum detected galaxies also show a [CII]$_{\rm 158{\rm μm}}$ emission line, providing us with accurate redshifts. We anticipate more line emission detections from six targets (including three continuum detected targets) where observations are still ongoing. The dust continuum detected sources in our sample tend to have a redder UV spectral slope than the ones without a dust continuum detection. We estimate that all of the sources have an infrared (IR) luminosity ($L_{\rm IR}$) in a range of $3-8 \times 10^{11} L_\odot$, except for one with $L_{\rm IR} = 1.5^{+0.8}_{-0.5} \times 10^{12}\,L_{\odot}$. Their fraction of obscured star formation is significant at $\gtrsim 50\%$. Some of the dust continuum detected galaxies show spatial offsets ($\sim 0.5-1.5''$) between the rest-UV and far-IR emission peaks. These separations appear to have an increasing trend against an indicator that suggests spatially decoupled phases of obscured and unobscured star formation. REBELS offers the best available statistical constraints on obscured star formation in UV-bright, massive galaxies at $z > 6.5$.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

Impact of the cosmic background radiation on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars

We study star cluster formation at low metallicities of $Z/Z_\odot=10^{-4}$--$10^{-1}$ using three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations. Particular emphasis is put on how the stellar mass distribution is affected by the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), which sets the temperature floor to the gas. Starting from the collapse of a turbulent cloud, we follow the formation of a protostellar system resolving $\sim$au scale. In relatively metal-enriched cases of $Z/Z_\odot \gtrsim 10^{-2}$, where the mass function resembles the present-day one in the absence of the CMB, high temperature CMB suppresses cloud fragmentation and reduces the number of low-mass stars, making the mass function more top-heavy than in the cases without CMB heating at $z\gtrsim10$. In lower-metallicity cases with $Z/Z_\odot \lesssim 10^{-3}$, where the gas temperature is higher than the CMB value due to inefficient cooling, the CMB has only a minor impact on the mass distribution, which is top-heavy regardless of the redshift. In cases either with a low metallicity of $Z/Z_\odot \lesssim 10^{-2}$ or at a high redshift $z\gtrsim10$, the mass spectrum consists of a low-mass Salpeter-like component, peaking at $0.1~M_\odot$, and a top-heavy component with $10$--$50~M_\odot$, with the fraction in the latter increasing with increasing redshift. In galaxies forming at $z\gtrsim10$, the major targets of the future instruments including JWST, CMB heating makes the stellar mass function significantly top-heavy, enhancing the number of supernova explosions by a factor of $1.4$ ($2.8$) at $z=10$ ($20$, respectively) compared to the prediction by Chabrier initial mass function when $Z/Z_\odot=0.1$.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

On the Stellar Populations of Galaxies at z=9-11: The Growth of Metals and Stellar Mass at Early Times

We present a detailed stellar population analysis of 11 bright ($H<26.6$) galaxies at $z=9-11$ (three spectroscopically confirmed) to constrain the chemical enrichment and growth of stellar mass of early galaxies. We use the flexible Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code Prospector with a range of star-formation histories (SFHs), a flexible dust attenuation law and a self-consistent modeling of emission lines. This approach allows us to assess how different priors affect our results, and how well we can break degeneracies between dust attenuation, stellar ages, metallicity and emission lines using data which probe only the rest-frame ultraviolet to optical wavelengths. We measure a median observed ultraviolet spectral slope $β=-1.87_{-0.43}^{+0.35}$ for relatively massive star-forming galaxies ($9<\log(M_{\star}/M_{\odot})<10$), consistent with no change from $z=4$ to $z=9-10$ at these stellar masses, implying rapid enrichment. Our SED-fitting results are consistent with a star-forming main sequence with sub-linear slope ($0.7\pm0.2$) and specific star-formation rates of $3-10~\mathrm{Gyr}^{-1}$. However, the stellar ages and SFHs are less well constrained. Using different SFH priors, we cannot distinguish between median mass-weighted ages of $\sim50-150$ Myr, which corresponds to 50\% formation redshifts of $z_{50}\sim10-12$ at $z\sim9$ and is of the order of the dynamical timescales of these systems. Importantly, the models with different SFH priors are able to fit the data equally well. We conclude that the current observational data cannot tightly constrain the mass-buildup timescales of these $z=9-11$ galaxies, with our results consistent with SFHs implying both a shallow and steep increase of the cosmic SFR density with time at $z>10$.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

The ALMA REBELS Survey: Specific Star-Formation Rates in the Reionization Era

We present specific star-formation rates for 40 UV-bright galaxies at $z\sim7-8$ observed as part of the Reionization Era Bright Emission Line Survey (REBELS) ALMA large program. The sSFRs are derived using improved measures of SFR and stellar masses, made possible by measurements of far-infrared (FIR) continuum emission and [CII]-based spectroscopic redshifts. For each source in the sample, we derive stellar masses from SED fitting and total SFRs from calibrations of the UV and FIR emission. The median sSFR is $18_{-5}^{+7}$ Gyr$^{-1}$, significantly larger than literature measurements lacking constraints in the FIR. The increase in sSFR reflects the larger obscured SFRs we derive from the dust continuum relative to that implied by the UV+optical SED. We suggest that such differences may reflect spatial variations in dust across these luminous galaxies, with the component dominating the FIR distinct from that dominating the UV. We demonstrate that the inferred stellar masses (and hence sSFRs) are strongly-dependent on the assumed star formation history (SFH) in reionization-era galaxies. When large sSFR galaxies are modeled with non-parametric SFHs, the derived stellar masses can increase by an order of magnitude relative to constant star formation models, owing to the presence of a significant old stellar population that is outshined by the recent burst. The [CII] line widths in the largest sSFR systems are often very broad, suggesting dynamical masses that are easily able to accommodate the dominant old stellar population suggested by non-parametric models. Regardless of these systematic uncertainties in the derived parameters, we find that the sSFR increases rapidly toward higher redshifts for massive galaxies ($9.6<\log(\rm M_*/M_{\odot})<9.8$), with a power law that goes as $(1+z)^{1.7\pm0.3}$, broadly consistent with expectations from the evolving baryon accretion rates.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

The ALMA REBELS Survey: Efficient Ly$α$ Transmission of UV-Bright z$\simeq$7 Galaxies from Large Velocity Offsets and Broad Line Widths

Recent work has shown that UV-luminous reionization-era galaxies often exhibit strong Lyman-alpha emission despite being situated at redshifts where the IGM is thought to be substantially neutral. It has been argued that this enhanced Ly$α$ transmission reflects the presence of massive galaxies in overdense regions which power large ionized bubbles. An alternative explanation is that massive galaxies shift more of their Ly$α$ profile to large velocities (relative to the systemic redshift) where the IGM damping wing absorption is reduced. Such a mass-dependent trend is seen at lower redshifts, but whether one exists at $z\sim7$ remains unclear owing to the small number of existing systemic redshift measurements in the reionization era. This is now changing with the emergence of [CII]-based redshifts from ALMA. Here we report MMT/Binospec Ly$α$ spectroscopy of eight UV-bright ($\mathrm{M_{UV}}^{}\sim-22$) galaxies at $z\simeq7$ selected from the ALMA REBELS survey. We detect Ly$α$ in 4 of 8 galaxies and use the [CII] systemic redshifts to investigate the Ly$α$ velocity profiles. The Ly$α$ lines are significantly redshifted from systemic (average velocity offset=223 km/s) and broad (FWHM$\approx$300$-$650 km/s), with two sources showing emission extending to $\approx$750 km/s. We find that the broadest Ly$α$ profiles are associated with the largest [CII] line widths, suggesting a potential link between the Ly$α$ FWHM and the dynamical mass. Since Ly$α$ photons at high velocities transmit efficiently through the $z=7$ IGM, our data suggest that velocity profiles play a significant role in boosting the Ly$α$ visibility of the most UV-luminous reionization-era galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

The low-end of the black hole mass function at cosmic dawn

Understanding the formation and growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at high redshift represents a major challenge for theoretical models. In this work we investigate the early evolution of the first SMBHs by constraining their distribution in mass and luminosity at $z > 4$. In particular, we focus on the poorly explored low-mass end of the nuclear black hole (BH) distribution down to $z \simeq 4$, and explore its connection with the nature of the first BH seeds and the processes governing their mass growth. To this aim, we have developed CAT (Cosmic Archaeology Tool), a new semi-analytic model that describes the formation of the first stars and black holes in a self-consistent way and follows the co-evolution of nuclear BHs and their host galaxies for a representative population at $z > 4$. We find that current observational constraints favour models where the growth of BH seeds is Eddington limited and occurs at the Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton rate or where super-Eddington accretion occurs via a slim disk during gas rich galaxy mergers. The main difference between these two model variants lies at the low-end of the predicted mass and luminosity functions at $4 \le z \le 6$, where a clear gap appears in the first model, reflecting the stunted growth of light BH seeds formed as remnants of the first stars. Detecting this signature will be extremely challenging even for the future generation of space observatories, such as JWST, Athena and Lynx.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2021

The Next Generation Global Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Science Book

The next generation of ground-based gravitational-wave detectors will observe coalescences of black holes and neutron stars throughout the cosmos, thousands of them with exceptional fidelity. The Science Book is the result of a 3-year effort to study the science capabilities of networks of next generation detectors. Such networks would make it possible to address unsolved problems in numerous areas of physics and astronomy, from Cosmology to Beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, and how they could provide insights into workings of strongly gravitating systems, astrophysics of compact objects and the nature of dense matter. It is inevitable that observatories of such depth and finesse will make new discoveries inaccessible to other windows of observation. In addition to laying out the rich science potential of the next generation of detectors, this report provides specific science targets in five different areas in physics and astronomy and the sensitivity requirements to accomplish those science goals. This report is the second in a six part series of reports by the GWIC 3G Subcommittee: i) Expanding the Reach of Gravitational Wave Observatories to the Edge of the Universe, ii) The Next Generation Global Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Science Book (this report), iii) 3G R&D: R&D for the Next Generation of Ground-based Gravitational Wave Detectors, iv) Gravitational Wave Data Analysis: Computing Challenges in the 3G Era, v) Future Ground-based Gravitational-wave Observatories: Synergies with Other Scientific Communities, and vi) An Exploration of Possible Governance Models for the Future Global Gravitational-Wave Observatory Network.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2021

Transition of the initial mass function in the metal-poor environments

We study star cluster formation in a low-metallicity environment using three dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. Starting from a turbulent cloud core, we follow the formation and growth of protostellar systems with different metallicities ranging from $10^{-6}$ to $0.1~Z_{\odot}$. The cooling induced by dust grains promotes fragmentation at small scales and the formation of low-mass stars with $M_{*} \sim 0.01$--$0.1~M_{\odot}$ when $Z/Z_{\odot} \gtrsim 10^{-5}$. While the number of low-mass stars increases with metallicity, the stellar mass distribution is still top-heavy for $Z/Z_{\odot} \lesssim 10^{-2}$ compared to the Chabrier initial mass function (IMF). In these cases, star formation begins after the turbulent motion decays and a single massive cloud core monolithically collapses to form a central massive stellar system. The circumstellar disk preferentially feeds the mass to the central massive stars, making the mass distribution top-heavy. When $Z/Z_{\odot}=0.1$, collisions of the turbulent flows promote the onset of the star formation and a highly filamentary structure develops owing to efficient fine-structure line cooling. In this case, the mass supply to the massive stars is limited by the local gas reservoir and the mass is shared among the stars, leading to a Chabrier-like IMF. We conclude that cooling at the scales of the turbulent motion promotes the development of the filamentary structure and works as an important factor leading to the present-day IMF.

astro-ph.GA↗