arXiv subjects

Ralf Steinberger

Publications and source records attributed to Ralf Steinberger.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2016

Observing Trends in Automated Multilingual Media Analysis

Any large organisation, be it public or private, monitors the media for information to keep abreast of developments in their field of interest, and usually also to become aware of positive or negative opinions expressed towards them. At least for the written media, computer programs have become very efficient at helping the human analysts significantly in their monitoring task by gathering media reports, analysing them, detecting trends and - in some cases - even to issue early warnings or to make predictions of likely future developments. We present here trend recognition-related functionality of the Europe Media Monitor (EMM) system, which was developed by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) for public administrations in the European Union (EU) and beyond. EMM performs large-scale media analysis in up to seventy languages and recognises various types of trends, some of them combining information from news articles written in different languages and from social media posts. EMM also lets users explore the huge amount of multilingual media data through interactive maps and graphs, allowing them to examine the data from various view points and according to multiple criteria. A lot of EMM's functionality is accessibly freely over the internet or via apps for hand-held devices.

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arXiv2014

Experiments to Improve Named Entity Recognition on Turkish Tweets

Social media texts are significant information sources for several application areas including trend analysis, event monitoring, and opinion mining. Unfortunately, existing solutions for tasks such as named entity recognition that perform well on formal texts usually perform poorly when applied to social media texts. In this paper, we report on experiments that have the purpose of improving named entity recognition on Turkish tweets, using two different annotated data sets. In these experiments, starting with a baseline named entity recognition system, we adapt its recognition rules and resources to better fit Twitter language by relaxing its capitalization constraint and by diacritics-based expansion of its lexical resources, and we employ a simplistic normalization scheme on tweets to observe the effects of these on the overall named entity recognition performance on Turkish tweets. The evaluation results of the system with these different settings are provided with discussions of these results.

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arXiv2014

ONTS: "Optima" News Translation System

We propose a real-time machine translation system that allows users to select a news category and to translate the related live news articles from Arabic, Czech, Danish, Farsi, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish into English. The Moses-based system was optimised for the news domain and differs from other available systems in four ways: (1) News items are automatically categorised on the source side, before translation; (2) Named entity translation is optimised by recognising and extracting them on the source side and by re-inserting their translation in the target language, making use of a separate entity repository; (3) News titles are translated with a separate translation system which is optimised for the specific style of news titles; (4) The system was optimised for speed in order to cope with the large volume of daily news articles.

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arXiv2014

A survey of methods to ease the development of highly multilingual text mining applications

Multilingual text processing is useful because the information content found in different languages is complementary, both regarding facts and opinions. While Information Extraction and other text mining software can, in principle, be developed for many languages, most text analysis tools have only been applied to small sets of languages because the development effort per language is large. Self-training tools obviously alleviate the problem, but even the effort of providing training data and of manually tuning the results is usually considerable. In this paper, we gather insights by various multilingual system developers on how to minimise the effort of developing natural language processing applications for many languages. We also explain the main guidelines underlying our own effort to develop complex text mining software for tens of languages. While these guidelines - most of all: extreme simplicity - can be very restrictive and limiting, we believe to have shown the feasibility of the approach through the development of the Europe Media Monitor (EMM) family of applications (http://emm.newsbrief.eu/overview.html). EMM is a set of complex media monitoring tools that process and analyse up to 100,000 online news articles per day in between twenty and fifty languages. We will also touch upon the kind of language resources that would make it easier for all to develop highly multilingual text mining applications. We will argue that - to achieve this - the most needed resources would be freely available, simple, parallel and uniform multilingual dictionaries, corpora and software tools.

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arXiv2013

JRC-Names: A freely available, highly multilingual named entity resource

This paper describes a new, freely available, highly multilingual named entity resource for person and organisation names that has been compiled over seven years of large-scale multilingual news analysis combined with Wikipedia mining, resulting in 205,000 per-son and organisation names plus about the same number of spelling variants written in over 20 different scripts and in many more languages. This resource, produced as part of the Europe Media Monitor activity (EMM, http://emm.newsbrief.eu/overview.html), can be used for a number of purposes. These include improving name search in databases or on the internet, seeding machine learning systems to learn named entity recognition rules, improve machine translation results, and more. We describe here how this resource was created; we give statistics on its current size; we address the issue of morphological inflection; and we give details regarding its functionality. Updates to this resource will be made available daily.

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arXiv2013

Acronym recognition and processing in 22 languages

We are presenting work on recognising acronyms of the form Long-Form (Short-Form) such as "International Monetary Fund (IMF)" in millions of news articles in twenty-two languages, as part of our more general effort to recognise entities and their variants in news text and to use them for the automatic analysis of the news, including the linking of related news across languages. We show how the acronym recognition patterns, initially developed for medical terms, needed to be adapted to the more general news domain and we present evaluation results. We describe our effort to automatically merge the numerous long-form variants referring to the same short-form, while keeping non-related long-forms separate. Finally, we provide extensive statistics on the frequency and the distribution of short-form/long-form pairs across languages.

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arXiv2013

Sentiment Analysis in the News

Recent years have brought a significant growth in the volume of research in sentiment analysis, mostly on highly subjective text types (movie or product reviews). The main difference these texts have with news articles is that their target is clearly defined and unique across the text. Following different annotation efforts and the analysis of the issues encountered, we realised that news opinion mining is different from that of other text types. We identified three subtasks that need to be addressed: definition of the target; separation of the good and bad news content from the good and bad sentiment expressed on the target; and analysis of clearly marked opinion that is expressed explicitly, not needing interpretation or the use of world knowledge. Furthermore, we distinguish three different possible views on newspaper articles - author, reader and text, which have to be addressed differently at the time of analysing sentiment. Given these definitions, we present work on mining opinions about entities in English language news, in which (a) we test the relative suitability of various sentiment dictionaries and (b) we attempt to separate positive or negative opinion from good or bad news. In the experiments described here, we tested whether or not subject domain-defining vocabulary should be ignored. Results showed that this idea is more appropriate in the context of news opinion mining and that the approaches taking this into consideration produce a better performance.

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arXiv2013

JRC EuroVoc Indexer JEX - A freely available multi-label categorisation tool

EuroVoc (2012) is a highly multilingual thesaurus consisting of over 6,700 hierarchically organised subject domains used by European Institutions and many authorities in Member States of the European Union (EU) for the classification and retrieval of official documents. JEX is JRC-developed multi-label classification software that learns from manually labelled data to automatically assign EuroVoc descriptors to new documents in a profile-based category-ranking task. The JEX release consists of trained classifiers for 22 official EU languages, of parallel training data in the same languages, of an interface that allows viewing and amending the assignment results, and of a module that allows users to re-train the tool on their own document collections. JEX allows advanced users to change the document representation so as to possibly improve the categorisation result through linguistic pre-processing. JEX can be used as a tool for interactive EuroVoc descriptor assignment to increase speed and consistency of the human categorisation process, or it can be used fully automatically. The output of JEX is a language-independent EuroVoc feature vector lending itself also as input to various other Language Technology tasks, including cross-lingual clustering and classification, cross-lingual plagiarism detection, sentence selection and ranking, and more.

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arXiv2013

DGT-TM: A freely Available Translation Memory in 22 Languages

The European Commission's (EC) Directorate General for Translation, together with the EC's Joint Research Centre, is making available a large translation memory (TM; i.e. sentences and their professionally produced translations) covering twenty-two official European Union (EU) languages and their 231 language pairs. Such a resource is typically used by translation professionals in combination with TM software to improve speed and consistency of their translations. However, this resource has also many uses for translation studies and for language technology applications, including Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), terminology extraction, Named Entity Recognition (NER), multilingual classification and clustering, and many more. In this reference paper for DGT-TM, we introduce this new resource, provide statistics regarding its size, and explain how it was produced and how to use it.

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arXiv2013

An introduction to the Europe Media Monitor family of applications

Most large organizations have dedicated departments that monitor the media to keep up-to-date with relevant developments and to keep an eye on how they are represented in the news. Part of this media monitoring work can be automated. In the European Union with its 23 official languages, it is particularly important to cover media reports in many languages in order to capture the complementary news content published in the different countries. It is also important to be able to access the news content across languages and to merge the extracted information. We present here the four publicly accessible systems of the Europe Media Monitor (EMM) family of applications, which cover between 19 and 50 languages (see http://press.jrc.it/overview.html). We give an overview of their functionality and discuss some of the implications of the fact that they cover quite so many languages. We discuss design issues necessary to be able to achieve this high multilinguality, as well as the benefits of this multilinguality.

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arXiv2006

The JRC-Acquis: A multilingual aligned parallel corpus with 20+ languages

We present a new, unique and freely available parallel corpus containing European Union (EU) documents of mostly legal nature. It is available in all 20 official EUanguages, with additional documents being available in the languages of the EU candidate countries. The corpus consists of almost 8,000 documents per language, with an average size of nearly 9 million words per language. Pair-wise paragraph alignment information produced by two different aligners (Vanilla and HunAlign) is available for all 190+ language pair combinations. Most texts have been manually classified according to the EUROVOC subject domains so that the collection can also be used to train and test multi-label classification algorithms and keyword-assignment software. The corpus is encoded in XML, according to the Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines. Due to the large number of parallel texts in many languages, the JRC-Acquis is particularly suitable to carry out all types of cross-language research, as well as to test and benchmark text analysis software across different languages (for instance for alignment, sentence splitting and term extraction).

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arXiv2006

Automatic annotation of multilingual text collections with a conceptual thesaurus

Automatic annotation of documents with controlled vocabulary terms (descriptors) from a conceptual thesaurus is not only useful for document indexing and retrieval. The mapping of texts onto the same thesaurus furthermore allows to establish links between similar documents. This is also a substantial requirement of the Semantic Web. This paper presents an almost language-independent system that maps documents written in different languages onto the same multilingual conceptual thesaurus, EUROVOC. Conceptual thesauri differ from Natural Language Thesauri in that they consist of relatively small controlled lists of words or phrases with a rather abstract meaning. To automatically identify which thesaurus descriptors describe the contents of a document best, we developed a statistical, associative system that is trained on texts that have previously been indexed manually. In addition to describing the large number of empirically optimised parameters of the fully functional application, we present the performance of the software according to a human evaluation by professional indexers.

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arXiv2006

Automatic Identification of Document Translations in Large Multilingual Document Collections

Texts and their translations are a rich linguistic resource that can be used to train and test statistics-based Machine Translation systems and many other applications. In this paper, we present a working system that can identify translations and other very similar documents among a large number of candidates, by representing the document contents with a vector of thesaurus terms from a multilingual thesaurus, and by then measuring the semantic similarity between the vectors. Tests on different text types have shown that the system can detect translations with over 96% precision in a large search space of 820 documents or more. The system was tuned to ignore language-specific similarities and to give similar documents in a second language the same similarity score as equivalent documents in the same language. The application can also be used to detect cross-lingual document plagiarism.

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arXiv2006

Cross-lingual keyword assignment

This paper presents a language-independent approach to controlled vocabulary keyword assignment using the EUROVOC thesaurus. Due to the multilingual nature of EUROVOC, the keywords for a document written in one language can be displayed in all eleven official European Union languages. The mapping of documents written in different languages to the same multilingual thesaurus furthermore allows cross-language document comparison. The assignment of the controlled vocabulary thesaurus descriptors is achieved by applying a statistical method that uses a collection of manually indexed documents to identify, for each thesaurus descriptor, a large number of lemmas that are statistically associated to the descriptor. These associated words are then used during the assignment procedure to identify a ranked list of those EUROVOC terms that are most likely to be good keywords for a given document. The paper also describes the challenges of this task and discusses the achieved results of the fully functional prototype.

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arXiv2006

Extending an Information Extraction tool set to Central and Eastern European languages

In a highly multilingual and multicultural environment such as in the European Commission with soon over twenty official languages, there is an urgent need for text analysis tools that use minimal linguistic knowledge so that they can be adapted to many languages without much human effort. We are presenting two such Information Extraction tools that have already been adapted to various Western and Eastern European languages: one for the recognition of date expressions in text, and one for the detection of geographical place names and the visualisation of the results in geographical maps. An evaluation of the performance has produced very satisfying results.

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arXiv2006

Exploiting multilingual nomenclatures and language-independent text features as an interlingua for cross-lingual text analysis applications

We are proposing a simple, but efficient basic approach for a number of multilingual and cross-lingual language technology applications that are not limited to the usual two or three languages, but that can be applied with relatively little effort to larger sets of languages. The approach consists of using existing multilingual linguistic resources such as thesauri, nomenclatures and gazetteers, as well as exploiting the existence of additional more or less language-independent text items such as dates, currency expressions, numbers, names and cognates. Mapping texts onto the multilingual resources and identifying word token links between texts in different languages are basic ingredients for applications such as cross-lingual document similarity calculation, multilingual clustering and categorisation, cross-lingual document retrieval, and tools to provide cross-lingual information access.

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arXiv2006

Geocoding multilingual texts: Recognition, disambiguation and visualisation

We are presenting a method to recognise geographical references in free text. Our tool must work on various languages with a minimum of language-dependent resources, except a gazetteer. The main difficulty is to disambiguate these place names by distinguishing places from persons and by selecting the most likely place out of a list of homographic place names world-wide. The system uses a number of language-independent clues and heuristics to disambiguate place name homographs. The final aim is to index texts with the countries and cities they mention and to automatically visualise this information on geographical maps using various tools.

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arXiv2006

Building and displaying name relations using automatic unsupervised analysis of newspaper articles

We present a tool that, from automatically recognised names, tries to infer inter-person relations in order to present associated people on maps. Based on an in-house Named Entity Recognition tool, applied on clusters of an average of 15,000 news articles per day, in 15 different languages, we build a knowledge base that allows extracting statistical co-occurrences of persons and visualising them on a per-person page or in various graphs.

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