Regime Maps for Sloshing in Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks Under Vertical Acceleration
Vertical sloshing in partially filled fuel tanks can significantly impact vehicle stability and structural integrity, particularly under harmonic accelerations near twice the sloshing natural frequency. In this regime, parametric resonance may arise, with nonlinear free-surface dynamics driving large-amplitude waves, interface break-up, and severe sloshing-induced mixing. In this work, we identify and characterize the distinct sloshing regimes associated with the lowest-frequency parametric instability, specifically when the external forcing frequency approaches twice the lowest natural frequency. Experiments were conducted in a transparent cylindrical tank with diameter D = 134.5 mm and length L = 336.3 mm. This work presents a data-driven approach for regime identification and classification that relies solely on high-speed video recordings and circumvents the need for interface tracking. The method combines prototype-based data labeling with dimensionality reduction via multiscale proper orthogonal decomposition (mPOD) and automatic kernel-based classification. The results are summarized in a dimensionless regime map across three fill ratios, where stable waves, longitudinal and transverse mode shapes, and mode-competition regimes are distinguished. The developed map provides a predictive tool for assessing sloshing-induced loads, supporting structural and operational optimization of fuel systems.