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Ravi Subrahmanyan

Publications and source records attributed to Ravi Subrahmanyan.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

Low Frequency Imaging of Fields at High Galactic Latitude with the Murchison Widefield Array 32-Element Prototype

The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is a new low-frequency, wide field-of-view radio interferometer under development at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO) in Western Australia. We have used a 32-element MWA prototype interferometer (MWA-32T) to observe two 50-degree diameter fields in the southern sky in the 110 MHz to 200 MHz band in order to evaluate the performance of the MWA-32T, to develop techniques for epoch of reionization experiments, and to make measurements of astronomical foregrounds. We developed a calibration and imaging pipeline for the MWA-32T, and used it to produce ~15' angular resolution maps of the two fields. We perform a blind source extraction using these confusion-limited images, and detect 655 sources at high significance with an additional 871 lower significance source candidates. We compare these sources with existing low-frequency radio surveys in order to assess the MWA-32T system performance, wide field analysis algorithms, and catalog quality. Our source catalog is found to agree well with existing low-frequency surveys in these regions of the sky and with statistical distributions of point sources derived from Northern Hemisphere surveys; it represents one of the deepest surveys to date of this sky field in the 110 MHz to 200 MHz band.

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The Australia Telescope 20GHz Survey: Hardware, Observing Strategy, and Scanning Survey Catalog

The Australia Telescope 20GHz (AT20G) survey is a large area (2π sr), sensitive (40mJy), high frequency (20GHz) survey of the southern sky. The survey was conducted in two parts: an initial fast scanning survey, and a series of more accurate follow-up observations. The follow-up survey catalog has been presented by Murphy et al. 2010. In this paper we discuss the hardware setup and scanning survey strategy as well as the production of the scanning survey catalog.

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Imaging the Epoch of Reionization: limitations from foreground confusion and imaging algorithms

Tomography of redshifted 21 cm transition from neutral Hydrogen using Fourier synthesis telescopes is a promising tool to study the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Limiting the confusion from Galactic and Extragalactic foregrounds is critical to the success of these telescopes. Instrumental response or the Point Spread Function (PSF) of such telescopes is inherently 3 dimensional with frequency mapping to the Line of Sight (LOS) distance. EoR signals will necessarily have to be detected in data where continuum confusion persists; therefore, it is important that the PSF has acceptable frequency structure so that the residual foreground does not confuse the EoR signature. This paper aims to understand the 3 dimensional PSF and foreground contamination in the same framework. We develop a formalism to estimate the foreground contamination along frequency, or equivalently LOS dimension, and establish a relationship between foreground contamination in the image plane and visibility weights on the Fourier plane. We identify two dominant sources of LOS foreground contamination-'PSF contamination' and 'gridding contamination'. We show that 'PSF contamination' is localized in LOS wavenumber space, beyond which there potentially exists an 'EoR window' with negligible foreground contamination where we may focus our efforts to detect EoR. 'PSF contamination' in this window may be substantially reduced by judicious choice of a frequency window function. Gridding and imaging algorithms create additional 'gridding contamination' and we propose a new imaging algorithm using the Chirp Z Transform (CZT) that significantly reduces this contamination. Finally, we demonstrate the analytical relationships and the merit of the new imaging algorithm for the case of imaging with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA).

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First Spectroscopic Imaging Observations of the Sun at Low Radio Frequencies with the Murchison Widefield Array Prototype

We present the first spectroscopic images of solar radio transients from the prototype for the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), observed on 2010 March 27. Our observations span the instantaneous frequency band 170.9-201.6 MHz. Though our observing period is characterized as a period of `low' to `medium' activity, one broadband emission feature and numerous short-lived, narrowband, non-thermal emission features are evident. Our data represent a significant advance in low radio frequency solar imaging, enabling us to follow the spatial, spectral, and temporal evolution of events simultaneously and in unprecedented detail. The rich variety of features seen here reaffirms the coronal diagnostic capability of low radio frequency emission and provides an early glimpse of the nature of radio observations that will become available as the next generation of low frequency radio interferometers come on-line over the next few years.

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The Australia Telescope 20GHz (AT20G) Survey: analysis of the extragalactic source sample

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) survey is a blind survey of the whole Southern sky at 20 GHz with follow-up observations at 4.8, 8.6, and 20 GHz carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). In this paper we present an analysis of radio spectral properties in total intensity and polarisation, sizes, optical identifications, and redshifts of the sample of the 5808 extragalactic sources in the survey catalogue of confirmed sources over the whole Southern sky excluding the strip at Galactic latitude |b|<1.5deg. The sample has a flux density limit of 40 mJy. Completeness has been measured as a function of scan region and flux density. Averaging over the whole survey area the follow-up survey is 78% complete above 50mJy and 93% complete above 100mJy. 3332 sources with declination <-15deg have good quality almost simultaneous observations at 4.8, 8.6, and 20GHz. The spectral analysis shows that the sample is dominated by flat-spectrum sources. The fraction of flat-spectrum sources decreases from 81% for 20GHz flux densities S>500mJy, to 60% for S<100mJy. There is also a clear spectral steepening at higher frequencies with the median spectral index decreasing from -0.16 between 4.8 and 8.6GHz to -0.28 between 8.6 and 20GHz. Simultaneous observations in polarisation are available for all the sources at all the frequencies. 768 sources have a good quality detection of polarised flux density at 20GHz; 467 of them were also detected in polarisation at 4.8 and/or at 8.6GHz so that it has been possible to compare the spectral behaviour in total intensity and polarisation. We have found that the polarised fraction increases slightly with frequency and decreases with flux density. Cross matches and comparisons have been made with other catalogues at lower radio frequencies, and in the optical, X-ray and gamma-ray bands. Redshift estimates are available for 825 sources.

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The Australia Telescope 20 GHz Survey: The Source Catalogue

We present the full source catalogue from the Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey. The AT20G is a blind radio survey carried out at 20 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) from 2004 to 2008, and covers the whole sky south of declination 0 deg. The AT20G source catalogue presented here is an order of magnitude larger than any previous catalogue of high-frequency radio sources, and includes 5890 sources above a 20 GHz flux-density limit of 40 mJy. All AT20G sources have total intensity and polarisation measured at 20 GHz, and most sources south of declination -15 deg also have near-simultaneous flux-density measurements at 5 and 8 GHz. A total of 1559 sources were detected in polarised total intensity at one or more of the three frequencies. We detect a small but significant population of non-thermal sources that are either undetected or have only weak detections in low-frequency catalogues. We introduce the term Ultra-Inverted Spectrum (UIS) to describe these radio sources, which have a spectral index alpha(5, 20) > +0.7 and which constitute roughly 1.2 per cent of the AT20G sample. The 20 GHz flux densities measured for the strongest AT20G sources are in excellent agreement with the WMAP 5-year source catalogue of Wright et al. (2009), and we find that the WMAP source catalogue is close to complete for sources stronger than 1.5 Jy at 23 GHz.

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The genesis of morphologies in extended radio sources: X-shapes, off-axis distortions and giant radio sources

We examine relationships between the morphology in double radio sources and the radio-optical position angle offset--the relative orientation of the radio axis with respect to the major axis of the host galaxy. The study was done for a representative sample of radio sources: the nearby (redshift z < 0.5) 3CRR sources, and separately for samples of giant radio sources and X-shaped radio sources. We find that radio morphological features have a dependence on the radio-optical position angle offset and on whether the source is a major- or minor-axis source. The evidence indicates an anisotropic galaxy environment, related to the ellipticity of the host galaxy, that causes the source linear size evolution, strength of backflow in the radio lobes, off-axis lobe distortions and the formation of wings and X-shaped radio sources to depend on the radio-optical position angle offset. We identify a class of X-shaped radio sources, which are either edge-darkened or lacking hotspots, and appear to have inner doubles suggesting a restarting of activity. We suggest a common formation mechanism, requiring backflows, for these apparently FR-I X-shaped radio sources as well as the edge-brightened X-shaped sources.

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Restarting engine in an X-shaped radio galaxy

J2018-556, an X-shaped FR-I radio galaxy provides a unique opportunity to discuss the formation scenarios for the extended structures seen in this class of radio sources. An understanding of the origin of X-shaped source structures has important implications for radio galaxy models as well as black hole-black hole mergers. Guided by our ATCA radio continuum observations of J2018-556 we discuss evidence in support of 'wings' forming as a result of a redirection of backflows by asymmetric gas distribution associated with the host galaxy. Formation models invoking interaction between backflows with asymmetric environments seem the preferred model for X-shaped radio sources despite apparent discoveries of X-shaped FR-I radio sources.

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The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey: The Bright Source Sample

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey is a blind survey of the whole Southern sky at 20 GHz (with follow-up observations at 4.8 and 8.6 GHz) carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) from 2004 to 2007. The Bright Source Sample (BSS) is a complete flux-limited subsample of the AT20G Survey catalogue comprising 320 extragalactic (|b|>1.5 deg) radio sources south of dec = -15 deg with S(20 GHz) > 0.50 Jy. Of these, 218 have near simultaneous observations at 8 and 5 GHz. In this paper we present an analysis of radio spectral properties in total intensity and polarisation, size, optical identifications and redshift distribution of the BSS sources. The analysis of the spectral behaviour shows spectral curvature in most sources with spectral steepening that increases at higher frequencies (the median spectral index α, assuming S\propto ν^α, decreases from α_{4.8}^{8.6}=0.11 between 4.8 and 8.6 GHz to α_{8.6}^{20}=-0.16 between 8.6 and 20 GHz), even if the sample is dominated by flat spectra sources (85 per cent of the sample has α_{8.6}^{20}>-0.5). The almost simultaneous spectra in total intensity and polarisation allowed us a comparison of the polarised and total intensity spectra: polarised fraction slightly increases with frequency, but the shapes of the spectra have little correlation. Optical identifications provided an estimation of redshift for 186 sources with a median value of 1.20 and 0.13 respectively for QSO and galaxies.

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A deep survey of the low-surface-brightness radio sky

We have made a radio survey--the Australia Telescope Low Brightness Survey (ATLBS)--of 8.4 square degrees sky area, using the Australia Telescope Compact Array in the 20-cm band, in an observing mode designed to provide wide-field images with exceptional sensitivity in surface brightness, and thereby explore a new parameter space in radio source populations. The goals of this survey are to quantify the distribution in angular sizes, particularly at weak surface brightness levels: this has implications for the confusion in deep surveys with the SKA. The survey is expected to lead to a census of the radio emission associated with low-power radio galaxies at redshifts 1-3, without any missing extended emission, and hence a study of the cosmic evolution of low-power radio galaxies to higher redshift and a comprehensive study of the AGN feedback during the intense black hole growth phase during this redshift range.

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On the relationship between a giant radio galaxy MSH 05-22 and the ambient large-scale galaxy structure

We present a comparison of the properties of a giant radio galaxy and the ambient intergalactic medium, whose properties are inferred from the large-scale distribution in galaxies. The double lobes of the radio galaxy MSH 05-22 are giant--1.8 Mpc projected linear size--and interacting with the environment outside the interstellar medium and coronal halo associated with the host galaxy. The radio lobes appear to be relicts and the double structure is asymmetric. We have examined the large-scale structure in the galaxy distribution surrounding the radio source. The host galaxy of MSH 05-22 is associated with a small group that lies close to the boundary of sheet-like and filamentary density enhancements, and adjacent to a void. Assuming that the galaxies trace gas, the asymmetries in the radio morphology in this case study appear related to the anisotropy in the medium. However, the observed overdensities and structure formation models for the heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM) suggest a density-temperature product for the IGM environment that is an order of magnitude below that expected from the properties of the radio source. The discordance suggests that even sources like MSH 05-22, which are observed in the relatively low-density IGM environment associated with the filamentary large-scale structure and have multiple signatures of being relicts, may be overpressured and evolving towards an equilibrium relaxed state with the ambient IGM. Alternately, it is speculated that astrophysical feedback originating in galaxy overdensities observed 1-2 Mpc to the N and NE of MSH 05-22 might be the mechanism for the heating of the ambient IGM gas.

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Magnetic field near the central region of the Galaxy: Rotation measure of extragalactic sources

To determine the properties of the Faraday screen and the magnetic field near the central region of the Galaxy, we measured the Faraday rotation measure (RM) towards 60 background extragalactic source components through the -6 deg < l <6 deg, -2 deg < b < 2 deg region of the Galaxy using the 4.8 and 8.5 GHz bands of the ATCA and VLA. Here we use the measured RMs to estimate the systematic and the random components of the magnetic fields. The measured RMs are found to be mostly positive for the sample sources in the region. This is consistent with either a large scale bisymmetric spiral magnetic fields in the Galaxy or with fields oriented along the central bar of the Galaxy. The outer scale of the RM fluctuation is found to be about 40 pc, which is much larger than the observed RM size scales towards the non-thermal filaments (NTFs). The RM structure function is well-fitted with a power law index of 0.7 +/- 0.1 at length scales of 0.3 to 100 pc. If Gaussian random processes in the ISM are valid, the power law index is consistent with a two dimensional Kolmogorov turbulence. If there is indeed a strong magnetic field within 1 degree (radius 150 pc) from the GC, the strength of the random field in the region is estimated to be 20 microGauss. Given the highly turbulent magnetoionic ISM in this region, the strength of the systematic component of the magnetic fields would most likely be close to that of the random component. This suggests that the earlier estimated milliGauss magnetic field near the NTFs is localised and does not pervade the central 300 pc of the Galaxy.

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Extragalactic sources towards the central region of the Galaxy

We have observed a sample of 64 small diameter sources towards the central -6 degree < l< 6 degree, -2 degree < b < 2 degree of the Galaxy with the aim of studying the Faraday rotation measure near the Galactic Centre (GC) region. All the sources were observed at 6 and 3.6 cm wavelengths using the ATCA and the VLA. Fifty nine of these sources are inferred to be extragalactic. The observations presented here constitute the first systematic study of the radio polarisation properties of the background sources towards this direction and increases the number of known extragalactic radio sources in this part of the sky by almost an order of magnitude. Based on the morphology, spectral indices and lack of polarised emission, we identify four Galactic HII regions in the sample.

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Hydrogen 2p--2s transition: signals from the epochs of recombination and reionization

We propose a method to study the epoch of reionization based on the possible observation of 2p--2s fine structure lines from the neutral hydrogen outside the cosmological H {\sc ii} regions enveloping QSOs and other ionizing sources in the reionization era. We show that for parameters typical of luminous sources observed at $z \simeq 6.3$ the strength of this signal, which is proportional to the H {\sc i} fraction, has a brightness temperature $\simeq 20 μK$ for a fully neutral medium. The fine structure line from this redshift is observable at $ν\simeq 1 \rm GHz$ and we discuss prospects for the detection with several operational and future radio telescopes. We also compute the characteristics of this signal from the epoch of recombination: the peak brightness is expected to be $\simeq 100 μK$; this signal appears in the frequency range 5-10 MHz. The signal from the recombination era is nearly impossible to detect owing to the extreme brightness of the Galactic emission at these frequencies.

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The properties of extragalactic radio sources selected at 20 GHz

We present some first results on the variability, polarization and general properties of radio sources selected in a blind survey at 20 GHz, the highest frequency at which a sensitive radio survey has been carried out over a large area of sky. Sources with flux densities above 100 mJy in the AT20G Pilot Survey at declination -60 to -70 were observed at up to three epochs during 2002-4, including near-simultaneous measurements at 5, 8 and 18 GHz in 2003. Of the 173 sources detected, 65% are candidate QSOs, BL Lac objects or blazars, 20% galaxies and 15% faint (b > 22 mag) optical objects or blank fields. On a 1-2 year timescale, the general level of variability at 20 GHz appears to be low. For the 108 sources with good-quality measurements in both 2003 and 2004, the median variability index at 20 GHz was 6.9% and only five sources varied by more than 30% in flux density. Most sources in our sample show low levels of linear polarization (typically 1-5%), with a median fractional polarization of 2.3% at 20 GHz. There is a trend for fainter sources to show higher fractional polarization. At least 40% of sources selected at 20GHz have strong spectral curvature over the frequency range 1-20 GHz. We use a radio `two-colour diagram' to characterize the radio spectra of our sample, and confirm that the radio-source population at 20 GHz (which is also the foreground point-source population for CMB anisotropy experiments like WMAP and Planck) cannot be reliably predicted by extrapolating the results of surveys at lower frequencies. As a result, direct selection at 20 GHz appears to be a more efficient way of identifying 90 GHz phase calibrators for ALMA than the currently-proposed technique of extrapolation from all-sky surveys at 1-5 GHz.

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SGRS J0515-8100: a Fat-Double giant radio galaxy

We present here the first detailed study of a giant radio galaxy of the Fat-Double type. The lobes of the double radio galaxy SGRS J0515-8100 have transverse widths that are 1.3 times their extent from the center, their surface brightness is the lowest among known giant radio sources and the lobes have relatively steep radio spectra. We infer that these wide lobes were created as a result of a highly variable and intermittent jet whose axis direction also varied significantly: the Fat-Double lobes in this giant radio source are a result of the ejection and deposition of synchrotron plasma over a wide range of angles over time rather than the expansion of relic lobes. Additionally, the optical host shows evidence for an ongoing galaxy-galaxy interaction. SGRS J0515-8100 supports the hypothesis that interactions with companions might perturb the inner accretion disk that produces and sustains the jets at the centers of active galactic nuclei. As a result, it appears unnecessary to invoke black-hole coalescence to explain such morphologies, implying that the corresponding event rates predicted for gravitational wave detectors may be overestimates.

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Contaminants in ATCA baselines with shadowing: a case study of cross talk in short-spacing interferometers

Interferometric telescopes made of close-packed antenna elements are an important tool for imaging extended radio sources, specifically structures that have angular sizes comparable to or even greater than the FWHM of the beams of the antennas. They have proved useful in observations of cosmic microwave background anisotropies that require high brightness-sensitivity. However, the visibilities measured in baselines formed between close antenna elements -- in particular, between shadowed elements -- of Fourier-synthesis arrays are often observed to be corrupted. We discuss the multiplicative and additive errors affecting such short-baseline interferometers. As a case study, we have examined the nature of the spurious correlations between the Cassegrain-type paraboloidal reflectors that are elements of the Australia Telescope Compact Array. In configurations with geometric shadowing, the cross talk here appears as an additive component. Analysis of the characteristics of this cross talk leads us to believe that when these reflector antennas are in a shadowed configuration, the receivers in the antenna pair pick up correlated emission from opposite sides of the main reflector surface of the front antenna. The slots between the panels that make up the main reflector surface provide the pathway for the coupling across the reflector surface. This mode of cross talk may be avoided by constructing the main reflectors of short spacing interferometers as continuous conducting surfaces.

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Modulations in the radio light curve of the Type IIb Supernova 2001ig: Evidence for a Wolf-Rayet binary progenitor?

We describe the radio evolution of SN 2001ig in NGC 7424, from 700 days of multi-frequency monitoring with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and the Very Large Array (VLA). We find that deviations of the radio light curves at each frequency from the standard "minishell" model are consistent with density modulations in the circumstellar medium (CSM), which seem to recur with a period near 150 days. One possibility is that these are due to enhanced mass-loss from thermal pulses in an AGB star progenitor. A more likely scenario however is that the progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star, whose stellar wind collided with that from a massive hot companion on an eccentric 100 day orbit, leading to a regular build-up of CSM material on the required time and spatial scales. Recent observations of "dusty pinwheels" in Wolf-Rayet binary systems lend credibility to this model. Since such binary systems are also thought to provide the necessary conditions for envelope-stripping which would cause the Wolf-Rayet star to appear as a Type Ib/c supernova event rather than a Type II, these radio observations of SN 2001ig may provide the key to linking Type Ib/c SNe to Type IIb events, and even to some types of Gamma-Ray Bursts.

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