arXiv subjects

Reza Pakdaman Zangabad

Publications and source records attributed to Reza Pakdaman Zangabad.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

MRI-Free CT-to-Ultrasound Skull Registration in Transcranial Focused Ultrasound using CMUT based Integrated Therapeutic and Imaging Arrays

Accurate skull-to-array registration is essential for transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) because CT-derived skull models must be aligned with the physical-array coordinate system to support patient-specific aberration correction. Current workflows typically use MRI and/or external tracking to establish this spatial relationship, adding imaging infrastructure and coordinate transformations to the treatment workflow. Here, we describe an MRI-free CT-to-ultrasound registration framework using a hybrid hemispherical CMUT tFUS array that combines a sparse therapeutic array with an integrated CMUT US-Cross imaging array. The therapeutic array provides pulse-echo measurements of skull location, while the US-Cross array provides local high-resolution images of the skull surface. The approach was evaluated using a CT-derived outer cortical skull surface across a 25-pose matrix with 10-mm lateral offsets between the skull and array centers and +/-5 degree angular perturbations. Five randomized radial-noise seeds were applied to therapeutic pulse-echo measurements to model measurement or element-placement errors, yielding 125 pose-seed realizations per noise and active-element setting. US-Cross imaging features were generated using Field II and delay-multiply-and-sum plane-wave compounding. Four registration modes were evaluated: Therapeutic only, US-imaging only, Sequential, and Fused registration. Fused registration yielded the best overall performance, with a median total displacement error of 0.271 mm [0.169-0.420] and a median rotation error of 0.904 degrees [0.432-1.639]. These results support an all-ultrasound-based approach using a hybrid CMUT tFUS array for MRI-free CT-US skull registration.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2026

A Reconfigurable Pipelined-SAR ADC with Embedded Compression for Temporal Compressed-Sensing Ultrasound Imaging

Compact ultrasound imaging systems are increasingly constrained by receiver-side sampling, conversion, memory, and data-transfer requirements. This work presents a compressed-sensing pipelined successive-approximation-register analog-to-digital converter (CS-SAR ADC) for acquisition-side temporal compression of pre-beamformed medical ultrasound radio-frequency (RF) data. Pseudo-random polarity modulation and charge-domain accumulation are embedded in the SAR sampling network so that multiple consecutive RF samples are encoded into one measurement before quantization, supporting temporal compression ratios of $N_{cT}=1$, 2, and 4. The compressed outputs are recovered off chip using a probe-specific pulse-dictionary RF model and then processed with conventional ultrasound beamforming. A 65-nm CMOS prototype was measured with a 1.2-V supply and 50-MHz master clock. In the non-compressed mode, it operates at 10 MS/s, consumes 964.49~$μ$W, and achieves 44.12-dB SNDR and 56.40-dB SFDR for a 7.7-kHz input. The ADC output rates decrease to 5 MS/s and 2.5 MS/s for $N_{cT}=2$ and 4. Across all evaluated RF traces, median NCC values were 0.981 and 0.932, with median NRMSE values of 0.36 and 0.56, respectively. Wire-phantom localization error remained below 0.04 mm with no appreciable FWHM degradation. In the speckle-rich cyst phantom, SSIM remained 0.94 and 0.87, while CNR decreased from 3.534 in the reference to 2.047 and 1.379. These results demonstrate a hardware-realistic tradeoff in which temporal compression substantially reduces ADC conversion count and output data rate while preserving point-target geometry, whereas low-contrast cyst conspicuity is more compression-sensitive.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2026

A CMUT-Based Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Platform for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Small Animal Models

Drug delivery to the brain is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We developed a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT)-based transcranial focused ultrasound system capable of both delivering therapy via BBB opening and monitoring microbubble activity across a broad frequency range. The performance of the geometrically focused half-ring array consisting of five transmitters and one receiving element was first assessed through simulations and in-vitro acoustic measurements with microbubbles. Use of phase-inversion (PI) during transmission effectively suppressed CMUT-generated harmonics and enhanced broadband detection of microbubble emissions. In rats, the same system achieved spatially localized BBB opening, confirmed by T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. BBB permeability mapping using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Ktrans) scaled with pressure. Time-resolved acoustic spectra captured microbubble arrival and decay kinetics, and 7-20dB enhancement in the effective dynamic range is observed with PI processing of acoustic emission signals. Together, these findings establish an integrated CMUT platform for combined therapeutic and sensing applications for BBB opening in small animal models, providing a foundation for future real-time, frequency-agile, closed-loop control of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to the brain.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2025

Quantitative acoustic monitoring of ensembles of weakly nonlinear microbubble oscillations in optically inaccessible environments

A growing class of ultrasound-mediated diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, including sonoporation and blood-brain barrier modulation, relies on microbubble contrast agents, where precise control of microbubble dynamics governs biological responses, efficiency, and safety. However, quantitative monitoring of microbubble oscillations in the stable, weakly nonlinear regime remains challenging, particularly in optically opaque and deep-tissue environments. Here, we introduce a linear acoustic wave propagation and superposition (LAWPS) framework that reconstructs microbubble radius-time dynamics directly from passively recorded acoustic emissions. By coupling Fourier-series representations of weakly nonlinear oscillations with linear monopole radiation theory, LAWPS extends classical monopole models to establish a reversible relationship between multi-frequency acoustic emissions and underlying radial bubble dynamics. Extending this framework to monodisperse microbubble ensembles, we derive optimal excitation and receive configurations and population-level correction factors that enable quantitative reconstruction of the ensemble-averaged microbubble dynamics. Using simultaneous optical and acoustic measurements, we demonstrate recovery of microbubble oscillations with ~5% relative error for oscillation amplitudes up to ~15% of equilibrium radius. Finally, we show that oscillations within the framework's operating regime (20% oscillation) generate sonoporation-relevant mechanical stress in vesicles as small as 10 micrometers (capillary number > 0.01), under physiologically relevant conditions. Together, this work establishes a quantitative framework for acoustic emission-based monitoring of weakly nonlinear microbubble oscillations in clinically relevant, optically inaccessible environments to enable improved control of emerging ultrasound diagnostic and therapeutic technologies.

physics.ins-det↗