arXiv subjects

Richard J. Cartwright

Publications and source records attributed to Richard J. Cartwright.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Callisto from JWST: CO2-rich terrain on the leading hemisphere and global patterns of H2O ice

We present maps of H2O, CO2, and a 4.57 um spectral feature across Callisto's surface observed using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). H2O ice was mapped by measuring band parameters of the 3.1 um Fresnel peak across the leading and trailing hemispheres under a simplified assumption of crystalline ice. We update the CO2 solid-phase, CO2 gas, and 4.57 um feature band depth maps originally presented in Cartwright et al. (2024) with a new JWST observation of Callisto centered on Valhalla, the largest multi-ring impact basin in the solar system. Our H2O ice map shows that the Fresnel peak on the trailing hemisphere exhibits a bullseye pattern that is weaker at low latitudes, and on the leading hemisphere its strength is associated with impacts. This dichotomy is possibly related to the Jovian magnetospheric plasma impinging on the trailing hemisphere. Our solid-phase CO2 map reveals an enhancement in the vicinity of the Lofn/Heimdall impact craters, a region that may be the largest reservoir of non-radiolytic CO2 on Callisto's surface. The gas-phase CO2 exhibits a patchy spatial distribution and does not clearly correlate with solid CO2.

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arXiv2026

Tracing the source of carbon oxides on the large moons of Uranus

The Uranian moons Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon are enriched in CO2 mixed with CO, but the origin(s) of these carbon oxides, be they primarily native or radiolytic, remains uncertain. Using data collected by NIRSpec on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we measured the spectral signature of CO2 and other carbon oxides to help disentangle these hypotheses. Through comparison to laboratory data, we find that many of the detected spectral features are consistent with CO2 ice, including 12CO2 scattering peaks (4.15 - 4.26 microns), multi-lobe 13CO2 bands (4.35 - 4.43 microns), and CO2 biphonon and triphonon modes (4.80 - 5.25 microns). Our measurements show that CO2 and CO are concentrated on the trailing hemispheres of the inner moons Ariel and Umbriel, potentially supporting a radiolytic production hypothesis, consistent with prior ground-based results. However, many of the identified spectral features are only observed in thick crystalline ice deposits measured in the laboratory, which may be difficult to form via radiolysis of carbon-bearing material mixed in icy regoliths. Similarly, the data exhibit weak 4.02 microns and 4.40 microns bands, hinting at the presence of carbonate minerals and 13CO2 clathrates, respectively, possibly formed in the interiors of these moons. Furthermore, JWST has revealed that CO2 is widespread at Uranus, present in its system of rings, ring moons, and irregular satellites, consistent with its largest moons accreting CO2 and other carbon oxides from the Uranian subnebula. We conclude that exposed carbon oxides are potentially native, with their surface distributions shaped by charged particle irradiation and seasonal sublimation-condensation cycles.

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arXiv2026

The ocean worlds science case for the Pollux spectropolarimeter

Pollux is a candidate European instrument contribution to the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), designed to advance our understanding of the formation and evolution of cosmic structures in the universe, and specifically search signs of life on extrasolar planets. This high-resolution spectrograph (R\,$>$\,40,000) with polarimetric capabilities offers nearly continuous and simultaneous coverage from the FUV ($\sim$100\,nm) to the NIR ($\sim$1.9\,$\micron$), making it a versatile tool for a wide range of scientific investigations from solar system studies to cosmology. Several Solar System ocean worlds have been the focal point of the scientific community to understand the conditions of their internal saline oceans, as well as the possible emergence of life beyond Earth. The ocean world science case will leverage Pollux's UV spectropolarimetric capabilities to investigate surface reflectance and composition, characterize airglow emissions in the environments of giant-planet moons, as well as constrain the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosols.

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arXiv2025

JWST Reveals Varied Origins Between Jupiter's Irregular Satellites

We report observations of eight Jovian irregular satellites with JWST's NIRSpec instrument: Himalia, Elara, Pasiphae, Sinope, Lysithea, Carme, Ananke, and Themisto. Irregular satellite families, which are presumed to have formed via collisions, contain various Trojan-like and C-type-asteroid-like surfaces. We sample the three largest members of the Himalia satellite family, detecting the presence of complexed CO$_2$ and a unique absorption band from $\sim2.7-3.6\ μm$ whose character correlates with satellite size. The two largest irregular satellites, Himalia family members Himalia and Elara, contain ammoniated phyllosilicates that are not seen in the meteorite inventory. We propose that the Himalia parent body was heterogeneous and formed with materials similar to Ceres-like ammonium-bearing asteroids. Several small ($D\sim 10km$) irregular satellites closely track the colors and absorption bands of ``red'' Jovian Trojans, demonstrating that these compositions are retained amongst the products of collisions that occurred after Jovian capture. We report the first detection of aqueous alteration products in the retrograde satellite swarm, finding Ananke's 3 micron band to closely match phyllosilicates seen in C2 chondrites. Notably, objects with OH absorption features similar to the Trojan asteroid Eurybates are found in both the retrograde Pasiphae family and the prograde Himalia family, confounding a simple link between such materials and a single surface type. The irregular satellites appear consistent with some materials that experienced alteration from liquid water and others that did not. Consequently, Jupiter may have captured bodies that formed from different initial compositions, or bodies that experienced different levels of heating, driving differential alteration processes.

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arXiv2025

Assessing Ocean World Habitability with HWO

The instrument payload of the future Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) will span a wide range of wavelengths, including the ultraviolet (UV) region that cannot be easily accessed from the ground (< 350 nm). Along with its primary mission to characterize the habitability of candidate exo-Earths, HWO will be well suited for observations of potentially habitable icy ocean worlds in our Solar System, in particular with an integral field spectrograph (IFS). Here, we discuss future HWO observations of ocean worlds including Ceres, Europa, Enceladus, Ariel, and Triton. We explore the observational requirements for capturing ongoing and sporadic geyser activity and for measuring the spectral signatures of astrobiologically-relevant compounds, including water, salts, organics, and other bioessential components. We consider the key observing requirements for an IFS, including wavelength coverage, resolving power (R), angular resolution, and field-of-view (FOV). We also outline some of the potential measurements that would define incremental, substantial, and breakthrough progression for characterizing habitability at ocean worlds, primarily focusing on UV and visible (VIS) wavelengths (90 - 700 nm). Our investigation concludes that a UV/VIS IFS on HWO could make some groundbreaking discoveries, in particular for detection and long-term monitoring of geyser activity and interior-surface exchange of components critical for understanding habitability at ocean worlds.

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arXiv2025

Laboratory Investigation of CO2-Driven Enhancement of Radiolytic H2O2 on Europa and Other Icy Moons

Observations of Europa's leading hemisphere reveal elevated H2O2 in the warmer, low latitude chaos terrains compared to the colder, polar regions. This distribution disagrees with prior laboratory radiolysis studies of pure water ice, which show higher H2O2 yields at colder temperatures. The regions with higher peroxide abundance, Tara and Powys Regiones, also present increased amounts of CO2, possibly sourced from Europa's interior. To investigate whether CO2 influences radiolysis of water ice to boost H2O2 production, we irradiated water ice doped with varying amounts of CO2 with 10 keV electrons at 70 and 100 K. Our results indicate that CO2, even in trace amounts (< 3%), significantly enhances H2O2 yields at temperatures relevant to Europa. We discuss the mechanisms by which CO2 boosts peroxide synthesis and quantify H2O2 creation and destruction cross sections and G-values across different CO2 concentrations. These findings provide a plausible explanation for the perplexing H2O2 distribution on Europa and has implications for understanding peroxide on other icy bodies such as Ganymede and Charon, where it has been detected alongside CO2.

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arXiv2025

JWST Reveals Spectral Tracers of Recent Surface Modification on Europa

Europa has been modified by a variety of geologic processes, exposing internally-derived materials that are heavily irradiated by charged particles trapped in Jupiter's magnetosphere. Prior spectral analysis of H2O ice on Europa relied on low signal-to-noise data at wavelengths >2.5 microns, limiting assessment of a 3.1 micron Fresnel peak that is diagnostic of exposed crystalline ice. We report new measurements of H2O ice spectral features using high signal-to-noise data collected by the NIRSpec spectrograph (1.48 - 5.35 microns) on the James Webb Space Telescope. These data reveal a narrow 3.1 micron crystalline H2O ice Fresnel peak, which is primarily located at southern latitudes in Tara and Powys Regiones. Our analysis indicates that crystalline ice exposed in these low-latitude regiones is likely sustained by ongoing thermal (re)crystallization outpacing charged particle amorphization of the top 10 microns of Europa's regolith over short timescales (<15 days). We also measured H2O ice features centered near 1.5 microns, 1.65 microns, and 2.0 microns, and a broad 3.6 micron H2O continuum peak, which are all stronger at northern latitudes, in contrast to the 3.1 micron Fresnel peak identified at southern latitudes. These results support the hypothesis that H2O ice in Europa's regolith is vertically stratified, with amorphous ice grains dominating its exposed surface, except in Tara and Powys Regiones. We also find that a previously detected 4.38 micron 13O2 feature is present almost exclusively at southern latitudes in Tara and Powys Regiones, likely derived from an internal source of carbon-bearing material.

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arXiv2024

Revealing Callisto's carbon-rich surface and CO2 atmosphere with JWST

We analyzed spectral cubes of Callisto's leading and trailing hemispheres, collected with the NIRSpec Integrated Field Unit (G395H) on the James Webb Space Telescope. These spatially resolved data show strong 4.25-micron absorption bands resulting from solid-state 12CO2, with the strongest spectral features at low latitudes near the center of its trailing hemisphere, consistent with radiolytic production spurred by magnetospheric plasma interacting with native H2O mixed with carbonaceous compounds. We detected CO2 rovibrational emission lines between 4.2 and 4.3 microns over both hemispheres, confirming the global presence of CO2 gas in Callisto's tenuous atmosphere. These results represent the first detection of CO2 gas over Callisto's trailing side. The distribution of CO2 gas is offset from the subsolar region on either hemisphere, suggesting that sputtering, radiolysis, and geologic processes help sustain Callisto's atmosphere. We detected a 4.38-micron absorption band that likely results from solid-state 13CO2. A prominent 4.57-micron absorption band that might result from CN-bearing organics is present and significantly stronger on Callisto's leading hemisphere, unlike 12CO2, suggesting these two spectral features are spatially anti-associated. The distribution of the 4.57-micron band is more consistent with a native origin and/or accumulation of dust from Jupiter's irregular satellites. Other, more subtle absorption features could result from CH-bearing organics, CO, carbonyl sulfide (OCS), and Na-bearing minerals. These results highlight the need for preparatory laboratory work and improved surface-atmosphere interaction models to better understand carbon chemistry on the icy Galilean moons before the arrival of NASA's Europa Clipper and ESA's JUICE spacecraft.

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arXiv2023

Longitudinal Variation of H$_2$O Ice Absorption on Miranda

Many tidally locked icy satellites in the outer Solar System show leading/trailing hemispherical asymmetries in the strength of near-infrared (NIR) H$_2$O ice absorption bands, in which the absorption bands are stronger on the leading hemisphere. This is often attributed to a combination of magnetospheric irradiation effects and impact gardening, which can modify grain size, expose fresh ice, and produce dark contaminating compounds that reduce the strength of absorption features. Previous research identified this leading/trailing asymmetry on the four largest classical Uranian satellites but did not find a clear leading/trailing asymmetry on Miranda, the smallest and innermost classical moon. We undertook an extensive observational campaign to investigate variations of the NIR spectral signature of H$_2$O ice with longitude on Miranda's northern hemisphere. We acquired 22 new spectra with the TripleSpec spectrograph on the ARC 3.5m telescope and 4 new spectra with GNIRS on Gemini North. Our analysis also includes 3 unpublished and 7 previously published spectra taken with SpeX on the 3m IRTF. We confirm that Miranda has no substantial leading/trailing hemispherical asymmetry in the strength of its H$_2$O ice absorption features. We additionally find evidence for an anti-Uranus/sub-Uranus asymmetry in the strength of the 1.5-$μ$m H$_2$O ice band that is not seen on the other Uranian satellites, suggesting that additional endogenic or exogenic processes influence the longitudinal distribution of H$_2$O ice band strengths on Miranda.

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arXiv2023

Are NH$_3$ and CO$_2$ ice present on Miranda?

Published near-infrared spectra of the four largest classical Uranian satellites display the presence of discrete deposits of CO$_2$ ice, along with subtle absorption features around 2.2 $μ$m. The two innermost satellites, Miranda and Ariel, also possess surfaces heavily modified by past endogenic activity. Previous observations of the smallest satellite, Miranda, have not detected the presence of CO$_2$ ice, and a report of an absorption feature at 2.2 $μ$m has not been confirmed. An absorption feature at 2.2 $μ$m could result from exposed or emplaced NH$_3$- or NH$_4$-bearing species, which have a limited lifetime on Miranda's surface, and therefore may imply that Miranda's internal activity was relatively recent. In this work, we analyzed near-infrared spectra of Miranda to determine whether CO$_2$ ice and the 2.2-$μ$m feature are present. We measured the band area and depth of the CO$_2$ ice triplet (1.966, 2.012, and 2.070 $μ$m), a weak 2.13-$μ$m band attributed to CO$_2$ ice mixed with H$_2$O ice, and the 2.2-$μ$m band. We confirmed a prior detection of a 2.2-$μ$m band on Miranda, but we found no evidence for CO$_2$ ice, either as discrete deposits or mixed with H$_2$O ice. We compared a high signal-to-noise spectrum of Miranda to synthetic and laboratory spectra of various candidate compounds to shed light on what species may be responsible for the 2.2-$μ$m band. We conclude that the 2.2-$μ$m absorption is best matched by a combination of NH$_3$ ice with NH$_3$-hydrates or NH$_3$-H$_2$O mixtures. NH$_4$-bearing salts like NH$_4$Cl are also promising candidates that warrant further investigation.

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arXiv2022

The Nature of Low-Albedo Small Bodies from 3-$μ$m Spectroscopy: One Group that Formed Within the Ammonia Snow Line and One that Formed Beyond It

We present evidence, via a large survey of 191 new spectra along with previously-published spectra, of a divide in the 3-$μ$m spectral properties of the low-albedo asteroid population. One group ("Sharp-types" or ST, with band centers $<$ 3 $μ$m) has a spectral shape consistent with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, while the other group ("not-Sharp-types" or NST, with bands centered $>$ 3 $μ$m) is not represented in the meteorite literature but is as abundant as the STs among large objects. Both groups are present in most low-albedo asteroid taxonomic classes, and except in limited cases taxonomic classifications based on 0.5-2.5-$μ$m data alone cannot predict whether an asteroid is ST or NST. Statistical tests show the STs and NSTs differ in average band depth, semi-major axis, and perihelion at confidence levels $\ge$98\%, while not showing significant differences in albedo. We also show that many NSTs have a 3-$μ$m absorption band shape like Comet 67P, and likely represent an important small-body composition throughout the solar system. A simple explanation for the origin of these groups is formation on opposite sides of the ammonia snow line, with the NST group accreting H2O and NH3 and the ST group only accreting H2O, with subsequent thermal and chemical evolution resulting in the minerals seen today. Such an explanation is consistent with recent dynamical modeling of planetesimal formation and delivery, and suggests that much more outer solar system material was delivered to the main asteroid belt than would be thought based on the number of D-class asteroids found today.

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arXiv2021

A CO2 cycle on Ariel? Radiolytic production and migration to low latitude cold traps

CO2 ice is present on the trailing hemisphere of Ariel but is mostly absent from its leading hemisphere. The leading/trailing hemispherical asymmetry in the distribution of CO2 ice is consistent with radiolytic production of CO2, formed by charged particle bombardment of H2O ice and carbonaceous material in Ariel's regolith. This longitudinal distribution of CO2 on Ariel was previously characterized using 13 near-infrared reflectance spectra collected at 'low' sub-observer latitudes between 30S to 30N. Here, we investigated the distribution of CO2 ice on Ariel using 18 new spectra: two collected over low sub-observer latitudes, five collected at 'mid' sub-observer latitudes (31 - 44N), and eleven collected over 'high' sub-observer latitudes (45 - 51N). Analysis of these data indicates that CO2 ice is primarily concentrated on Ariel's trailing hemisphere. However, CO2 ice band strengths are diminished in the spectra collected over mid and high sub-observer latitudes. This sub-observer latitudinal trend may result from radiolytic production of CO2 molecules at high latitudes and subsequent migration of this constituent to low latitude cold traps. We detected a subtle feature near 2.13 microns in two spectra collected over high sub-observer latitudes, which might result from a 'forbidden' transition mode of CO2 ice that is substantially stronger in well mixed substrates composed of CO2 and H2O ice, consistent with regolith-mixed CO2 ice grains formed by radiolysis. Additionally, we detected a 2.35-micron feature in some low sub-observer latitude spectra, which might result from CO formed as part of a CO2 radiolytic production cycle.

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arXiv2021

The science case for spacecraft exploration of the Uranian satellites: Candidate ocean worlds in an ice giant system

The 27 satellites of Uranus are enigmatic, with dark surfaces coated by material that could be rich in organics. Voyager 2 imaged the southern hemispheres of Uranus' five largest 'classical' moons Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon, as well as the largest ring moon Puck, but their northern hemispheres were largely unobservable at the time of the flyby and were not imaged. Additionally, no spatially resolved datasets exist for the other 21 known moons, and their surface properties are essentially unknown. Because Voyager 2 was not equipped with a near-infrared mapping spectrometer, our knowledge of the Uranian moons' surface compositions, and the processes that modify them, is limited to disk-integrated datasets collected by ground- and space-based telescopes. Nevertheless, images collected by the Imaging Science System on Voyager 2 and reflectance spectra collected by telescope facilities indicate that the five classical moons are candidate ocean worlds that might currently have, or had, liquid subsurface layers beneath their icy surfaces. To determine whether these moons are ocean worlds, and investigate Uranus' ring moons and irregular satellites, close-up observations and measurements made by instruments onboard a Uranus orbiter are needed.

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arXiv2020

Evidence for sulfur-bearing species on Callisto's leading hemisphere: Sourced from Jupiter's irregular satellites or Io?

We investigated whether sulfur-bearing species are present on the icy Galilean moon Callisto by analyzing eight near-infrared reflectance spectra collected over a wide range of sub-observer longitudes. We measured the band areas and depths of a 4-micron feature in these spectra, which has been attributed to sulfur dioxide (SO2), as well as carbonates, in previously collected datasets of this moon. All eight spectra we collected display the 4-micron band. The four spectra collected over Callisto's leading hemisphere display significantly stronger 4-micron bands compared to the four trailing hemisphere spectra (> 3-sigma difference). We compared the central wavelength position and shape of Callisto's 4-micron band to laboratory spectra of various sulfur-bearing species and carbonates. Our comparison demonstrates that Callisto's 4-micron band has a spectral signature similar to thermally-altered sulfur, as well as a 4.025 micron feature attributed to disulfanide (HS2). Our analysis therefore supports the presence of S-bearing species on Callisto but is not consistent with the presence of SO2. The significantly stronger 4-micron band detected on Callisto's leading hemisphere could result from collisions with H2S-rich dust grains that originate on Jupiter's retrograde irregular satellites or implantation of magnetospheric S ions that originate from volcanic activity on Io. Alternatively, S-bearing species could be native to Callisto and are exposed by dust collisions and larger impacts that drive regolith overturn, primarily on its leading side.

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arXiv2020

Transformative Planetary Science with the US ELT Program

The proposed US Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) Program would secure national open access to at least 25% of the observing time on the Thirty Meter Telescope in the north and the Giant Magellan Telescope in the south. ELTs would advance solar system science via exceptional angular resolution, sensitivity, and advanced instrumentation. ELT contributions would include the study of interstellar objects, giant planet systems and ocean worlds, the formation of the solar system traced through small objects in the asteroid and Kuiper belts, and the active support of planetary missions. We recommend that (1) the US ELT Program be listed as critical infrastructure for solar system science, that (2) some support from NASA be provided to ensure mission support capabilities, and that (3) the US ELT Program expand solar-system community participation in development, planning, and operations.

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arXiv2020

The Science Case for Spacecraft Exploration of the Uranian Satellites

The five classical Uranian moons are possible ocean worlds that exhibit bizarre geologic landforms, hinting at recent surface-interior communication. However, Uranus' classical moons, as well as its ring moons and irregular satellites, remain poorly understood. We assert that a Flagship-class orbiter is needed to explore the Uranian satellites.

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arXiv2020

Evidence for ammonia-bearing species on the Uranian satellite Ariel supports recent geologic activity

We investigated whether ammonia-rich constituents are present on the surface of the Uranian moon Ariel by analyzing 32 near-infrared reflectance spectra collected over a wide range of sub-observer longitudes and latitudes. We measured the band areas and depths of a 2.2-{\micron} feature in these spectra, which has been attributed to ammonia-bearing species on other icy bodies. Ten spectra display prominent 2.2-{\micron} features with band areas and depths > 2σ. We determined the longitudinal distribution of the 2.2-{\micron} band, finding no statistically meaningful differences between Ariel's leading and trailing hemispheres, indicating that this band is distributed across Ariel's surface. We compared the band centers and shapes of the five Ariel spectra displaying the strongest 2.2-{\micron} bands to laboratory spectra of various ammonia-bearing and ammonium-bearing species, finding that the spectral signatures of the Ariel spectra are best matched by ammonia-hydrates and flash frozen ammonia-water solutions. Our analysis also revealed that four Ariel spectra display 2.24-{\micron} bands (> 2σ band areas and depths), with band centers and shapes that are best matched by ammonia ice. Because ammonia should be efficiently removed over short timescales by ultraviolet photons, cosmic rays, and charged particles trapped in Uranus' magnetosphere, the possible presence of this constituent supports geologic activity in the recent past, such as emplacement of ammonia-rich cryolavas and exposure of ammonia-rich deposits by tectonism, impact events, and mass wasting.

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arXiv2019

Probing the regoliths of the classical Uranian satellites: Are their surfaces mantled by a layer of tiny H2O ice grains?

We investigate whether the surfaces of the classical moons of Uranus are compositionally stratified, with a thin veneer of mostly tiny H2O ice grains (<= 2 micron diameters) mantling a lower layer composed of larger grains of H2O ice, dark material, and CO2 ice (~10 - 50 micron diameters). Near-infrared observations (~1 - 2.5 microns) have determined that the H2O ice-rich surfaces of these moons are overprinted by concentrated deposits of CO2 ice, found almost exclusively on their trailing hemispheres. However, best fit spectral models of longer wavelength datasets (~3 - 5 microns) indicate that the spectral signature of CO2 ice is largely absent, and instead, the exposed surfaces of these moons are composed primarily of tiny H2O ice grains. To investigate possible compositional layering of these moons, we have collected new data using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope (~3 - 5 microns). Spectral modeling of these new data is consistent with prior analyses, suggesting that the exposed surfaces of the Uranian moons are primarily composed of tiny H2O ice grains. Furthermore, analysis of these new data reveal that the trailing hemispheres of these moons are brighter than their leading hemispheres over the 3 to 5 micron wavelength range, except for Miranda, which displays no hemispherical asymmetries in its IRAC albedos. Our analyses also revealed that the surface of Ariel displays five distinct, regional-scale albedo zones, possibly consistent with the spatial distribution of CO2 ice on this moon. We discuss possible processes that could be enhancing the observed leading/trailing albedo asymmetries exhibited by these moons, as well as processes that could be driving the apparent compositional stratification of their near surfaces.

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