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Richard Lieu

Publications and source records attributed to Richard Lieu.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
arXiv2006

The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in a sample of 31 clusters - a comparison between the X-ray predicted and WMAP observed CMB temperature decrement

The WMAP Q, V, and W band radial profiles of temperature deviation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) were constructed for a sample of 31 randomly selected nearby clusters of galaxies in directions of Galactic latitude $|b| >$ 30$^o$. The profiles were compared in detail with the expected CMB Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) caused by these clusters, with the hot gas properties of each cluster inferred observationally by applying gas temperatures as measured by ASCA to isothermal $β$ models of the ROSAT X-ray surface brightness profiles, and with the WMAP point spread function fully taken into consideration. After co-adding the 31 cluster field, it appears that WMAP detected the SZE in all three bands. Quantitatively, however, the observed SZE only accounts for about 1/4 of the expected decrement. The discrepancy represents too much unexplained extra flux: in the W band, the detected SZE corresponds on average to 5.6 times less X-ray gas mass within a 10 arcmin radius than the mass value given by the ROSAT $β$ model. We examined critically how the X-ray prediction of the SZE may depend on our uncertainties in the density and temperature of the hot intracluster plasma, and emission by cluster radio sources. Although our comparison between the detected and expected SZE levels is subject to a margin of error, the fact remains that the average observed SZE depth and profile are consistent with those of the primary CMB anisotropy, i.e. in principle the average WMAP temperature decrement among the 31 rich clusters is too shallow to accomodate any extra effect like the SZE. A unique aspect of this SZE investigation is that because all the data being analyzed are in the public domain, our work is readily open to the scrutiny of others.

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arXiv2005

ROSAT observations of the soft X-ray background and of the cluster soft excess emission in the Hercules supercluster

Recent observations with the XMM-Newton satellite confirmed the existence of the soft excess phenomenon in galaxy clusters, earlier discovered in several EUVE, ROSAT and BeppoSAX observations. Among the clusters for which XMM has reported detection of soft excess emission are MKW03s and A2052, two clusters in the Hercules concentration. The Hercules supercluster lies along the southern extension of the North Polar Spur, a region of bright soft X-ray emission clearly visible in ROSAT All-Sky Survey images. We analyze 11 pointed ROSAT PSPC observations toward 3 clusters in the Hercule concentration, MKW03s, A2052 and A2063, and 8 neighboring fields in order to investigate the soft X-ray emission in that region of the sky. We find that the soft X-ray emission varies by a factor of few on scales of few degrees, rendering the background subtraction a complex task. If the Noth Polar Spur emission is of local origin, we find that only A2052 and A2063 have evidence of cluster soft excess emission, and that the OVII emission lines detected in XMM observations of A2052 and MKW03s are not associated with the cluster. If part or all of the North Polar Spur soft X-ray enhancement is of extragalactic nature, the three clusters feature strong soft excess emission, and the OVII emission lines observed by XMM are genuinely associated with the clusters. We interpret the soft excess emission with the presence of warm gas, either intermixed with the hot intra-cluster medium or in filamentary structures located around the clusters, and estimate that the warm gas is approximately as massive as the hot intra-cluster medium.

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arXiv2005

The effect of long range gravitational perturbations on the first acoustic peak of the cosmic microwave background

In the standard cosmological model, the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background is interpreted as variation in the gravitational potential at the point of emission, due to the emitter being embedded in a region ${\cal C}$ of over- or under-density spanning the length (or size) scale $λ$ on which the anisotropy is measured. If the Universe is inhomogeneous, however, similar density contrasts of size $λ$ are also located everywhere surrounding ${\cal C}$. Since they are superposition states of many independent Fourier modes with no preferred direction, such primordial clumps and voids should not be configured according to some prescribed spatial pattern. Rather, they can randomly trade spaces with each other while preserving the Harrison-Zeldovich character of the matter spectrum. The outcome is an {\it extra} perturbation of the potential when averaged over length $λ$ at the emitter, and consequently an additional anisotropy on the same scale, which has apparently been overlooked. Unlike the conventional application of the Sachs-Wolfe effect to the WMAP observations, this extra effect is {\it not} scale independent over the $P(k) \sim k$ part of the matter spectrum, but increases towards smaller lengths, as $\sqrt{k}$. The consequence is a substantial revision of the currently advertised values of the key cosmological parameters, {\it unless} one postulates a more rapid decrease in the gravitational force with distance than that given by the inverse-square law.

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arXiv2005

The convergence fluctuation of light by clusters of galaxies - a cosmological test using the second acoustic peak of the microwave background

The magnification of distant sources by mass clumps at lower ($z \leq 1$) redshifts is calculated analytically. The clumps are initially assumed to be galaxy group isothermal spheres with properties inferred from an extensive survey. The average effect, which includes strong lensing, is exactly counteracted by the beam divergence in between clumps (more precisely, the average reciprocal magnification cancels the inverse Dyer-Roeder demagnification). This conclusion is in fact independent of the matter density function within each clump, and remains valid for arbitrary densities of matter and dark energy. When tested against the CMB, a rather large lensing induced {\it dispersion} in the angular size of the primary acoustic peaks of the TT power spectrum is inconsistent with WMAP observations. The situation is unchanged by the use of NFW profiles for the density distribution of groups. Finally, our formulae are applied to an ensemble of NFW mass clumps or isothermal spheres having the parameters of galaxy {\it clusters}. The acoustic peak size dispersion remains unobservably large, and is also excluded by WMAP. For galaxy groups, two possible ways of reconciling with the data are proposed, both exploiting maximally the uncertainties in our knowledge of group properties. The same escape routes are not available in the case of clusters, however, because their properties are well understood. Here we have a more robust conclusion: neither of the widely accepted models are good description of clusters, or important elements of physics responsible for shaping zero curvature space are missing from the standard cosmological model. When all the effects are accrued, it is difficult to understand how WMAP could reveal no evidence whatsoever of lensing by groups and clusters.

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arXiv2005

On the absence of gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background

The magnification of distant sources by mass clumps at lower ($z \leq 1$) redshifts is calculated analytically. The clumps are initially assumed to be galaxy group isothermal spheres with properties inferred from an extensive survey. The average effect, which includes strong lensing, is exactly counteracted by the beam divergence in between clumps (more precisely, the average reciprocal magnification cancels the inverse Dyer-Roeder demagnification). This conclusion is in fact independent of the matter density function within each clump, and remains valid for arbitrary densities of matter and dark energy. When tested against the CMB, a rather large lensing induced {\it dispersion} in the angular size of the primary acoustic peaks of the TT power spectrum is inconsistent with WMAP observations. The situation is unchanged by the use of NFW profiles for the density distribution of groups. Finally, our formulae are applied to an ensemble of NFW mass clumps or isothermal spheres having the parameters of galaxy {\it clusters}. The acoustic peak size dispersion remains unobservably large, and is also excluded by WMAP. For galaxy groups, two possible ways of reconciling with the data are proposed, both exploiting maximally the uncertainties in our knowledge of group properties. The same escape routes are not available in the case of clusters, however, because their properties are well understood. Here we have a more robust conclusion: neither of the widely accepted models are good description of clusters, or important elements of physics responsible for shaping zero curvature space are missing from the standard cosmological model. When all the effects are accrued, it is difficult to understand how WMAP could reveal no evidence whatsoever of lensing by groups and clusters.

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arXiv2005

Average magnification effect of clumping of matter

The aim of this paper is to re-examine the question of the average magnification in a universe with some inhomogeneously distributed matter. We present an analytic proof, valid under rather general conditions, including clumps of any shape and size, and strong lensing, that so long as the clumps are uncorrelated the average \emph{reciprocal} magnification (in one of several possible senses) is precisely the same as in a homogeneous universe with equal mean density. From this result, we also show that a similar statement can be made about one definition of average \emph{direct} magnification. We discuss, in the context of observations of discrete and extended sources, the physical significance of the various different measures of magnification and the circumstances in which they are appropriate.

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arXiv2005

Proving the conservation of surface brightness during the strong and weak lensing of light by an isothermal sphere

An analytical proof of the conservation of surface brightness during the strong and weak lensing of light by a singular isothermal sphere is provided. It is shown that the movement of asymptotic rays provide room for precisely the extra solid angle claimed by the magnification of the centrally passing rays. Previous claim of a violation of this conservation law, leading to a problem over the COBE all sky CMB flux, is hereby withdrawn.

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arXiv2005

The Cluster Soft Excess: new faces of an old enigma

Until the advent of XMM-Newton, the cluster soft excess (CSE) was the subject of some controversy due to both data analysis issues and uncertainties with the soft excess emission mechanism. XMM-Newton observations have finally laid to rest any doubts as to the existence of the CSE and have also given tantalising clues as to the nature of its emission mechanism. Here we report on the analysis of XMM-Newton observations of a number of CSE clusters in an attempt to improve the analysis and understanding of the CSE. Included as part of the study is an analysis of the effects of background subtraction, which calls to question the integrity of the claimed O VII line discovery, though not the soft excess itself. We also give details of both thermal and non-thermal fits to the CSE cluster Abell 3112.

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arXiv2004

Soft X-ray excess emission from clusters of galaxies

This is the first meeting specifically devoted to the topic of cluster soft excess and related phenomena. It calls together a group of some 40 scientists, mostly experts in the field, to present their findings on the observational aspects of emission from clusters, signature of the WHIM in the cluster, intergalactic, and local environment, theoretical modeling of the WHIM in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, theory and observations of cluster cosmic rays, magnetic fields, radio data and the use of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect as a means of constraining the important parameters. We are particularly grateful to F.J. Lockman and S.L. Snowden for presenting their latest picture of the cold gas distribution in the interstellar medium, as this affects our ability to model extragalactic EUV and soft X-ray data via Galactic absorption by HI and HeI. Papers given on future hardware concepts to further the spatial and spectral diagnosis of diffuse soft X-ray emission in general are also included.

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arXiv2003

The phase coherence of light from extragalactic sources - direct evidence against first order Planck scale fluctuations in time and space

We present a method of directly testing whether time continues to have its usual meaning on scales of <= t_P = sqrt(hbar G/c^5) ~ 5.4E-44 s, the Planck time. According to quantum gravity, the time t of an event cannot be determined more accurately than a standard deviation of the form sigma_t/t = a_o (t_P/t)^a, where a_o and a are positive constants ~1; likewise distances are subject to an ultimate uncertainty c σ_t, where c is the speed of light. As a consequence, the period and wavelength of light cannot be specified precisely; rather, they are independently subject to the same intrinsic limitations in our knowledge of time and space, so that even the most monochromatic plane wave must in reality be a superposition of waves with varying omega and {\bf k}, each having a different phase velcocity omega/k. For the entire accessible range of the electromagnetic spectrum this effect is extremely small, but can cumulatively lead to a complete loss of phase information if the emitted radiation propagated a sufficiently large distance. Since, at optical frequencies, the phase coherence of light from a distant point source is a necessary condition for the presence of diffraction patterns when the source is viewed through a telescope, such observations offer by far the most sensitive and uncontroversial test. We show that the HST detection of Airy rings from the active galaxy PKS1413+135, located at a distance of 1.2 Gpc, secures the exclusion of all first order (a=1) quantum gravity fluctuations with an amplitude a_o > 0.003. The same result may be used to deduce that the speed of light in vacuo is exact to a few parts in 10^32.

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arXiv2002

Stringent limits on the existence of Planck time from stellar interferometry

We present a method of directly testing whether time is `grainy' on scales of <= t_P = (hbar G/c^5)^0.5 ~ 5.4E-44 s, the Planck time. If the phenomenon exists, the energy and momentum of a photon (quantities which are independently measured) will be subject to ultimate uncertainties of the form dE/E ~ dp/p ~ (E/E_P)^a, where E=h/t_P and a~1, because surpassing these will lead to `super-clocks' and `super-rulers'. A well-known consequence is random perturbation of the photon dispersion equation by a correction term which to lowest order modifies the equation to the form p^2 = E^2[1 +/- a_o(E/E_P)^a], where a_o ~ 1 and c=1. As a result, the two wave velocities will fluctuate by different amounts, so that after propagating a sufficiently large distance the phase of the radiation will no longer be well-defined. Now, at optical frequencies, the technique of stellar interferometry readily ascertains whether light from an astronomical object retains is phase information upon arrival. Currently the furthest star from which interference fringes were seen, S Ser, is at ~ 1 kpc, implying that all models with a <= 13/15 are to be rejected. The decisive step, of course, is to test the presence or not of the first order term E/E_P itself (i.e. a=1); for this one must await the imminent observations of extra-galactic sources at > 1 Mpc by the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (the VLTI). Based upon the S Ser result, nonetheless, it is already possible to conclude that there is no first order departure from exactness in time over intervals ~ 4.2E-40 s (~10^4 times longer than the Planck time).

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arXiv2002

Low-energy X-ray emission from the Abell 2199 cluster of galaxies

In a recent Letter, Berghoefer & Bowyer rediscussed the analysis of BeppoSAX LECS data of the cluster of galaxies Abell 2199 as presented by Kaastra et al., in particular the detection of a soft X-ray excess. Berghoefer & Bowyer stated that their analysis method is better suited and does not show evidence for a soft X-ray excess. Here we find it necessary to publish a rebuttal, because it can be demonstrated that the method used by Berghoefer & Bowyer is oversimplified, leading to an erroneous result. As a consequence, their statement that our initial analysis is incorrect is invalid and the detection of a soft X-ray excess in A 2199 is still confirmed.

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arXiv2002

The extreme ultraviolet excess emission in five clusters of galaxies revisited

Evidence for excess extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission over a tail of X-ray gas bremsstrahlung emission has been building up recently, but in some cases remains controversial, mostly due to the moderate quality of the EUV data. In order to improve the signal to noise ratio in the EUV, we have performed the wavelet analysis and image reconstructions for five clusters of galaxies observed both at EUV and X-ray energies with the EUVE and ROSAT satellites respectively. The profiles of the EUV and X-ray reconstructed images all differ at a very large confidence level and an EUV excess over a thermal bremsstrahlung tail is detected in all five clusters (Abell 1795, Abell 2199, Abell 4059, Coma and Virgo) up to large radii. These results, coupled with recent XMM-Newton observations, suggest that the EUV excess is probably non thermal in origin.

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arXiv2002

The effect of Planck scale space time fluctuations on Lorentz invariance at extreme speeds

The starting point of this work is the axiomatic existence of a smallest measurable interval, viz. the Planck time $t_P$, set by quantum fluctuations in the vacuum metric tensor. By the Relativity Principle, the same limit must then apply to the accuracy of all clocks which register time of events in their own frames. Further, it implies that the ordinary meaning of distance also ceases in the same manner beyond a scale l_P = c t_P. We demonstrate that quantum space-time, if real, may be made manifest by observing very energetic collisions, defined as interactions which occurred with the center-of-mass frame $Σ'$ (of the participating bodies) moving at a high speed $v$ relative to our laboratory frame $Σ$. In such situations, the initial conditions of the interaction are determined from direct measurements of the ultra-energetic particles or photons by instruments aboard $Σ$: they gather a raw dataset ${\cal S}$ which are subject to the limiting uncertainties \~ (t_P, l_P). Yet a meaningful (i.e. experimentally verified) version of the interaction is one where the interaction is viewed from frame $Σ'$. Since no instruments aboard $Σ'$ have taken any data, the way we proceeded is by a Lorentz transformation of ${\cal S}$ from $Σ$ to $Σ'$. Beware however that the resulting ${\cal S'}$ no longer consists of raw data, i.e. Lorentz distortions of probability distributions render the uncertainties non-Planckian - in fact, it will be shown that as v -> c they are >> (t_P, l_P), and are no longer negligible. Examples will given to indicate how a proper interpretation of the most current high energy cosmic and gamma-ray data necessitates incorporation of the said effect.

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arXiv2000

EUV and soft X-rays from clusters of galaxies - the `cluster soft-excess' phenomenon

Clusters of galaxies are strong emitters of EUV and soft X-rays substantially in excess of the contribution from the hot intra-cluster medium at X-ray temperatures. After the initial discovery of EUV excess emission in the Virgo cluster, the phenomenon was reported also for the Coma, A1795 and A2199 clusters. Recent reobservations confirmed the finding, and further searches on a large sample of nearby galaxy clusters are clearly revealing the cosmological impact of the discovery.

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arXiv2000

The EUV excess emission of the Virgo and A1795 clusters - re-observation with in-situ background measurements

The Virgo and A1795 clusters of galaxies were re-observed by EUVE with {\it in situ} background measurements by pointing at small offsets. Earlier, a similar re-observational strategy applied to the cluster A2199 revealed that the background radial profile was consistent with a flat distribution, and therefore the original method of extracting cluster EUV signals by the subtraction of an aymptotically determined background was valid. It is shown here that the same conclusions hold for the current sample. A model of the background was obtained from its known properties and the {\it in situ} measurements, and the subtracted cluster fluxes remain in agreement with those reported in our discovery papers. They are also consistent with results from the most conservative procedure of direct point-to-point subtraction of the {\it in situ} background and proper error propagation, which still preserves the existence of the EUV excess and its rising radial trend. We present evidence which argues against the soft excess as due to peculiarities in the line-of-sight Galactic absorption. The data appear to favor a thermal origin of the emission.

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arXiv2000

EUV and X-ray observations of Abell 2199: a three-phase intracluster medium with a massive warm component

Various independent ways of constraining key cosmological parameters yielded a consensus range of values which indicates that at the present epoch the bulk of the universe's baryons is in the form of a warm ($\sim$ 10$^6$ K) gas - a temperature regime which renders them difficult to detect. The discovery of EUV and soft X-ray excess emission from clusters of galaxies was originally interpreted as the first direct evidence for the large scale presence of such a warm component. We present results from an EUVE Deep Survey (DS) observation of the rich cluster Abell 2199 in the Lex/B (69 - 190 eV) filter passband. The soft excess radial trend (SERT), shown by a plot against cluster radius $r$ of the percentage EUV emission $η$ observed above the level expected from the hot intracluster medium (ICM), behaves as a simple function of $r$ which decreases monotonically towards $r = 0$; it smoothly turns negative at $r \sim$ 6 arcmin, inwards of this radius the EUV is absorbed by cold matter with a line-of-sight column density of $\geq$ 2.7 $\times$ 10$^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$. The centre of absorption is offset from that of the emission by $\sim$ 1 arcmin, and the area involved is much larger than that of the cooling flow. These facts together provide strong evidence for a centrally concentrated but cluster-wide distribution of clumps of cold gas which co-exist with warm gas of similar spatial properties. Further, the simultaneous modeling of EUV and X-ray data requires a warm component even within the region of absorption. The phenomenon demonstrates a three phase ICM, with the warm phase estimated to be $\sim$ 5-10 times more massive than the hot.

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arXiv2000

The multiphase nature of the intra-cluster medium of some clusters of galaxies

The discovery of EUV and soft X-ray excess emission in clusters of galaxies (the cluster soft-excess phenomenon) challenged the notion of the hot ($\sim 10^{7-8}$ K) gas as the only dominant thermal component of the intracluster medium (ICM). The spatial analysis of ROSAT PSPC 1/4 keV images presented here reveals compelling evidence for substantial amounts of cold gas (HI) in the ICM of the Coma and Virgo clusters. This finding bolsters the original interpretation of the soft excess as emission from a `warm' ($\sim 10^6$ K) gas and points to the scenario of a multiphase ICM where the hot component co-exists with gases at sub-Virial temperatures (the `warm' and `cold' phases).

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