Short Peptide Tails Modulate DNA Association and Condensation by PAMAM Dendrimers
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are promising candidates for nucleic acid delivery; however, biocompatibility and transfection efficiency remain a challenge. Here, we investigated how the composition of short peptide tails conjugated to generation 2 PAMAM (G2) dendrimers influence DNA association and condensation across a range of pH values. Using a combination of potentiometric titrations, DNA precipitation assays, and coarse-grained molecular simulations with charge regulation, we show that the ionization of G2 dendrimers is strongly affected by both pH and proximity to DNA. Although charge regulation enhances dendrimer protonation and strengthens DNA association at low pH, DNA condensation by unmodified G2 remains largely insensitive to pH within the studied range. In contrast, conjugation of a single peptide tail introduces a pronounced pH dependence to DNA condensation. Histidine-containing conjugates exhibit the strongest response, with condensation efficiency decreasing markedly as the pH increases. Simulations reveal that the interaction strength between conjugates and DNA depends on both peptide composition and pH and that histidine-containing peptide tails become nearly neutral at physiological pH, contributing little to DNA binding. While single-conjugate simulations explain the trends in DNA association, they do not fully account for the observed condensation behavior, highlighting the importance of collective effects involving multiple conjugates. Overall, peptide conjugation transforms G2 PAMAM dendrimers from relatively pH-insensitive DNA condensing agents into pH-responsive DNA-binding systems. These findings provide molecular-level insight into the interplay between charge regulation, peptide composition, and DNA condensation.