arXiv subjects

Rizoi Bakhromzod

Publications and source records attributed to Rizoi Bakhromzod.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The Surviving Fragment of the Zij-i Malikshahi: A Preliminary Edition, Translation, and Study of the 100-Star Catalogue in BnF Arabe 5968

The astronomical programme sponsored by the Saljuq Sultan Malikshah I in the late eleventh century occupies an important place in the history of Islamic astronomy. Umar Khayyam was a principal participant in this programme, which produced the Jalali or Maliki calendar and appears also to have resulted in a broader set of astronomical tables known as the Zij-i Malikshahi. A 100-star catalogue traditionally associated with these tables survives in the anonymous Arabic compendium Dustur al-munajjimin, preserved in the unique manuscript BnF Arabe 5968. This study distinguishes the catalogue from the Jalali calendar and from the lost or unidentified complete Zij-i Malikshahi, reconstructs its historical and manuscript context, and examines the provenance of BnF Arabe 5968. It presents a complete transcription of the catalogue from fols. 224r-225r and a new English translation made directly from the Arabic text, with B. A. Rosenfeld's 1961 Russian translation used as a control. The collation identifies several divergences, including a substantive correction to the longitude of entry 8, and clarifies the planetary temperament abbreviations. Rosenfeld and A. P. Yushkevich observed that 96 of the 100 stellar longitudes correspond to Ptolemaic values increased by about 14 degrees 26 minutes, while 87 latitudes agree with Ptolemy. These correspondences suggest systematic updating of inherited Ptolemaic data rather than 100 wholly independent observations, illustrating the combined roles of observation, computation, transmission, and adaptation in medieval Islamic astronomy.

physics.hist-ph↗

arXiv2026

The influence of the Academy of Gondishapur on the formation of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad and the science of the Golden Age of Islam

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the Academy of Gondishapur in the formation of the Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad and the emergence of Islamic science in the 8th-10th centuries. The methodology combines comparative-historical and biographical analysis with a study of institutional continuity based on primary sources and contemporary scholarly literature. The results demonstrate that Gondishapur, the foremost scientific and medical centre of late Sasanian Iran, constituted the primary human, methodological, and institutional source for the Abbasid Bayt al-Hikma. The migration of specialists, especially the Bukhtishu dynasty, Yuhanna ibn Masawayh, and Hunayn ibn Ishaq, transferred Gondishapur's medical traditions, hospital organisation (bimaristans), and translation methodology to Baghdad. Gondishapur's experience also shaped the development of medical education and the compilation of pharmacopoeias within the Bayt al-Hikma. A comparative structural analysis of the two institutions reveals both institutional borrowings and the original features of the Baghdad model. The article concludes that the transmission of Gondishapur's heritage to the Bayt al-Hikma constituted sustained institutional continuity, laying the foundations for the large-scale synthesis of Greek, Persian, and Indian knowledge in the Arabic language.

physics.hist-ph↗

arXiv2026

Mercury Craters Named after Tajik-Persian Poets: Planetary Nomenclature as a Form of Preserving Cultural Heritage

Nine impact craters on Mercury bear the names of Persian-Tajik poets: Rudaki, Saadi, Nizami, Rumi, Navoi, Firdousi, Hafiz, Sanai, and Mahsati. We compile IAU-approved coordinates, diameters, quadrant designations, approval dates (1976--2025), and MESSENGER-derived geological characteristics for each crater, and place these data in the broader context of Solar System objects associated with Tajik-Persian civilisation, including lunar craters (Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Omar Khayyam, Abul Wafa, Nasireddin, Alfraganus, Azophi, Al-Khwarizmi), main-belt asteroids, and Enceladus surface features named from the One Thousand and One Nights. The approval timeline mirrors the successive stages of Mercury mapping: two craters were designated after Mariner 10 (1976), three more following Mariner 10 data analysis (1979, 1985), two after the first MESSENGER flybys (2008, 2010), two after MESSENGER orbital operations (2014), and one in 2025. Geological diversity is notable: the Sanai basin (490 km, ~3.8--3.9 Ga) is among the oldest large structures on Mercury; Firdousi shows lava-flooded floor morphology; Rumi hosts an explosive pyroclastic vent intersected by Palmer Rupes; Hafiz contains low-reflectance material and hollows; Navoi is a pit-floor crater; and Nizami exhibits polygonal wall geometry. These results illustrate how planetary nomenclature serves as a stable, internationally maintained record of cultural heritage.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Determination of the longitude difference between Baghdad and Khwarezm using a lunar eclipse (the method of Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and Abu al-Wafa al-Buzjani)

This paper examines how, in the tenth century, medieval Iranian scholars Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and Abu al-Wafa al-Buzjani determined the difference in geographical longitude between the cities of Baghdad and Khwarezm through simultaneous observation of a lunar eclipse. Brief academic biographies of these scholars are presented, with emphasis on their contributions to mathematics and astronomy. The study discusses the importance of determining geographical coordinates - especially longitude - in the science of the 10th-11th centuries, provides an overview of the methods of coordinate determination available at the time, and highlights the problem of synchronizing remote observations prior to the advent of electronic communication. Particular attention is devoted to a detailed analysis of the method based on observing a lunar eclipse to simultaneously measure longitude differences: the necessary conditions and organization of the experiment, the instruments employed, the mathematical calculations, and error estimates are described. The longitude difference obtained by al-Biruni and al-Buzjani is compared with modern values. The conclusion discusses the scientific significance of this method for the history of science and astronomy.

physics.hist-ph↗

arXiv2025

Legacy of Avicenna in Astronomy

The paper reassesses the largely neglected contribution of Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980-1037) to medieval Tajik-Persian astronomy. Drawing on published primary and secondary sources, it reconstructs the main directions of his scientific activity - the construction of an observatory at Isfahan, the design of a high-precision angular instrument that anticipates the modern vernier principle, the formulation of an original method for determining terrestrial longitude from lunar culmination, a systematic refutation of predictive astrology, an optical explanation for the daytime invisibility of the fixed stars, and the earliest extant descriptions of both the transit of Venus on 24 May 1032 and the supernova SN 1006. These achievements not only anticipated comparable European advances by several centuries but also shaped subsequent developments within the Islamic and Latin astronomical traditions. The paper further notes Avicenna's modern scientific commemoration in the naming of asteroid (2755) Avicenna and the lunar crater Avicenna.

physics.hist-ph↗

arXiv2024

Nowruz, Umar Khayyam, Calendar and Constellations

This article provides information about the factors that necessitated the need to adjust the calendar during the time of Umar Khayyam, the method of choosing the beginning of the year, and the length of the months. It also attempts to correct the common error associated with @the arrival of the Sun in Aries on Nowruz@.

physics.hist-ph↗