Hubble Space Telescope observations of the old pulsar PSR J0108-1431
We present results of optical-UV observations of the 200 Myr old rotation-powered radio pulsar J0108$-$1431 with the Hubble Space Telescope. We found a putative candidate for the far-UV (FUV) pulsar counterpart, with the flux density $f_ν= 9.0\pm 3.2$ nJy at $λ= 1528$ Å. The pulsar was not detected, however, at longer wavelengths, with $3σ$ upper limits of 52, 37, and 87 nJy at $λ=$ 4326, 3355, and 2366 Å, respectively. Assuming that the pulsar counterpart was indeed detected in FUV, and the previously reported marginal $U$ and $B$ detections with the Very Large Telescope were real, the optical-UV spectrum of the pulsar can be described by a power-law model with a nearly flat $f_ν$ spectrum. Similar to younger pulsars detected in the optical, the slope of the nonthermal spectrum steepens in the X-ray range. The pulsar's luminosity in the 1500--6000 Åwavelength range, $L \sim 1.2\times 10^{27} (d/210\,{\rm pc})^2$ erg s$^{-1}$, corresponds to a high efficiency of conversion of pulsar rotation energy loss rate $\dot {E}$ to the optical-UV radiation, $η= L/\dot{E} \sim (1$--$6)\times 10^{-4}$, depending on somewhat uncertain values of distance and spectral slope. The brightness temperature of the bulk neutron star surface does not exceed 59,000 K ($3σ$ upper bound), as seen by a distant observer. If we assume that the FUV flux is dominated by a thermal component, then the surface temperature can be in the range of 27,000--55,000 K, requiring a heating mechanism to operate in old neutron stars.