Magnetospheric birefringence breaks the rotating-vector model and depolarises X-ray pulsars
Accreting X-ray pulsars have long been expected to show large linear polarisation below the cyclotron resonance. In the standard picture, this follows from two facts: radiative opacities in the strongly magnetised neutron star environment depend strongly on polarisation mode, and the emission comes from compact polar regions. The emerging radiation should therefore be locally polarised and add almost coherently, with a polarisation angle tracing the projected magnetic field as in the rotating-vector model. Recent X-ray polarimetric observations, instead, show modest polarisation fractions and position angle swings that often depart from this simple picture. Here we show that propagation through the magnetosphere of an accreting neutron star can naturally produce both effects. Using general-relativistic ray tracing and Stokes-parameter transport, we find that photons emitted from compact polar regions acquire ray-dependent polarisation angle offsets in two ways. First, nearly field-aligned trajectories can cross local non-adiabatic pockets inside the QED birefringent region. Second, photons that intersect the plasma-loaded accretion flow accumulate additional phase shifts between plasma normal modes. Both effects broaden the distribution of polarisation angles across the ray bundle and reduce the hotspot-integrated linear polarisation, while also producing systematic deviations from rotating-vector-model expectations. Magnetospheric propagation should therefore be treated as part of the polarimetric transfer problem in accreting X-ray pulsars, and may help explain the observed low polarisation fractions and anomalous angle swings.