SearcharxivSearch

arXiv subjects

Roberto Terlevich

Publications and source records attributed to Roberto Terlevich.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Irony at z=6.68: a bright AGN with forbidden Fe emission and multi-component Balmer absorption

We present the deepest medium-resolution JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy to date of a bright Little Red Dot (LRD) AGN, Irony at z=6.68. The data reveal broad Balmer emission from H$\alpha$-H$\delta$ and Balmer absorption in H$\alpha$-H$\epsilon$. The absorption lines are kinematically split: H$\alpha$ is blueshifted while higher-order lines are redshifted suggesting complex gas kinematics; their relative ratios are inconsistent with a single, passive absorbing screen. The line depths require absorption of both the BLR and the continuum, ruling out a stellar origin, consistent with the smooth Balmer break. We fit the broad H$\gamma$-H$\alpha$ lines and find the data favor a double-Gaussian effective profile, although exponential wings are evident. Depending on the adopted profile, single-epoch virial estimates give log(M$_\bullet$/M$_\odot$)=7.86-8.39 and $\lambda_{\rm Edd}$=1.7-0.4. The dynamical mass implied by the narrow lines is low log(Mdyn/M$_\odot$)=9.1, suggesting an overmassive black hole. The narrow lines display little attenuation, A$_V<0.5$ mag; while broad H$\alpha$/H$\beta\sim9$ and the broad Balmer decrements are inconsistent with standard dust attenuation curves, suggesting collisional processes. The forbidden-line spectrum includes auroral [S II] and [N II], and a forest of [Fe II] lines. Line ratios and kinematics indicate a stratified narrow-line region with both low (n$_{\rm e}$=420 cm$^{-3}$) and high densities (n$_{\rm e}\gtrsim 6.3\times10^5$ cm$^{-3}$). We detect metal absorption lines in both the optical (Ca II and Na I) and UV range (Fe II UV1-UV3). Our results support a picture of a compact AGN embedded in a dense, high covering-factor and stratified cocoon, with complex neutral-gas kinematics. While the choice of broad-line profile affects the virial estimates of M$_\bullet$, we find the effect to be of order 0.6 dex between the different approaches.

astro-ph.GA

Lord of LRDs: Insights into a "Little Red Dot" with a low-ionization spectrum at z = 0.1

Recent observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed a puzzling population of optically red and compact galaxies with peculiar "V"-shaped spectra at high redshift, known as "Little Red Dots" (LRDs). Until now, most spectroscopically confirmed LRDs are found at $z>4$ and it has been speculated that LRDs are tracing the early stages of black hole evolution. We report an independent rediscovery of a broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN), SDSS J102530.29+140207.3, at $z=0.1$, which shows spectral features matching those of LRDs seen in the early Universe, including the V-shaped spectrum, broad Balmer lines (with widths of 1000-2000 km/s), and deep Balmer absorption. We present a new GTC observation of this LRD, which reveals an optical continuum similar to those of G-to-K giant stars including an unambiguous G-band absorption originating from the CH molecule. In addition, this local LRD shows a series of absorption lines potentially related to low-ionization ions or atoms but are deeper than what is observed in empirical stellar templates. We further identify a series of [FeII] emission lines indicative of low-ionization gas, which we find also present in a JWST-selected LRD at $z=2.26$. We find small but statistically significant variability in the H$\alpha$ of SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 consistent with previous findings. Finally, we report new observations with NuSTAR. We confirm the extreme X-ray weakness of this LRD, which might imply Compton-thick gas obscuration with $N_{\rm H}>10^{24}~{\rm cm^{-2}}$. All evidence suggests SDSS J102530.29+140207.3 has a complex gaseous environment and the strong ionic, atomic, and molecular absorptions are hard to explain with typical stellar and AGN models.

astro-ph.GA

Low dust mass and high star-formation efficiency at $z>12$ from deep ALMA observations

We investigate the dust mass build-up and star formation efficiency of two galaxies at $z>12$, GHZ2 and GS-z14-0, by combining ALMA and JWST observations with an analytical model that assumes dust at thermal equilibrium. We obtained $3\sigma$ constraints on dust mass of $\log M_{\rm dust}/M_{\odot}<5.0$ and $<5.3$, respectively. These constraints are in tension with a high dust condensation efficiency in stellar ejecta but are consistent with models with a short metal accretion timescale at $z>12$. Given the young stellar ages of these galaxies ($t_{\rm age}\sim10\,{\rm Myrs}$), dust grain growth via accretion may still be ineffective at this stage, though it likely works efficiently to produce significant dust in galaxies at $z\sim7$. The star formation efficiencies, defined as the SFR divided by molecular gas mass, reach $\sim10\,{\rm Gyr}^{-1}$ in a 10\,Myr timescale, aligning with the expected redshift evolution of `starburst' galaxies with efficiencies that are $\sim0.5$--$1\,{\rm dex}$ higher than those in main-sequence galaxies. This starburst phase seems to be common in UV-bright galaxies at $z>12$ and is likely associated with the unique conditions of the early phases of galaxy formation, such as bursty star formation and/or negligible feedback from super-Eddington accretion. Direct observations of molecular gas tracers like [C\,{\sc ii}] will be crucial to further understanding the nature of bright galaxies at $z>12$.

astro-ph.GA

ALMA detection of [OIII] 88um at z=12.33: Exploring the Nature and Evolution of GHZ2 as a Massive Compact Stellar System

We present ALMA observations on the high-redshift galaxy GHZ2 and report a successful detection of the rest-frame 88um atomic transition from doubly-ionized Oxygen at z=12.3327+/-0.0005. Based on these observations, combined with additional constraints on the [OIII] 52um line luminosity and previous JWST data, we argue that GHZ2 is likely powered by compact and young star formation, and show that it follows well-established relationships found for giant HII regions and metal-poor star-forming dwarf galaxies that are known to host bright super star clusters. Additionally, these observations provide new constraints on the Oxygen electron density (100 < n_e[cm^-3] < 4,000) and dynamical mass (M_dyn=3-8x10^8M_sun). The existence of these massive starburst systems 13.3Gyr ago might explain the origin of today's globular clusters, a long-standing question in astronomy. To test this, we present observational probes to investigate whether sources like GHZ2 are linked to the formation of today's globular clusters or other more massive compact stellar systems.

astro-ph.GA

Mapping the Hubble Flow from z$ \sim $0 to z$ \sim$7.5 with HII Galaxies

Over twenty years ago, Type Ia Supernovae (SNIa) observations revealed an accelerating Universe expansion, suggesting a significant dark energy presence, often modelled as a cosmological constant, \( \Lambda \). Despite its pivotal role in cosmology, the standard $\Lambda$CDM model remains largely underexplored in the redshift range between distant SNIa and the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). This study harnesses the James Webb Space Telescope's advanced capabilities to extend the Hubble flow mapping across an unprecedented redshift range, from \( z \approx 0 \) to \( z \approx 7.5 \). Using a dataset of 231 HII galaxies and extragalactic HII regions, we employ the \(\text{L}-\sigma\) relation that correlates the luminosity of Balmer lines with their velocity dispersion, to define a competitive technique for measuring cosmic distances. This approach allows the mapping of the Universe expansion history over more than 12 billion years, covering 95\% of its age. Our analysis, using Bayesian inference, constrains the parameter space $\lbrace h, \Omega_m, w_0\rbrace = \lbrace 0.731\pm0.039, 0.302^{+0.12}_{-0.069}, -1.01^{+0.52}_{-0.29}\rbrace $ (statistical) for a flat Universe. Our results provide new insights into cosmic evolution and imply a lack of change in the photo-kinematical properties of the young massive ionizing clusters in HII galaxies across most of the history of the Universe.

astro-ph.CO

Physical properties of circumnuclear ionising clusters. III. Kinematics of gas and stars in NGC 7742

In this third paper of a series, we study the kinematics of the ionised gas and stars, calculating the dynamical masses of the circumnuclear star-forming regions in the ring of of the face-on spiral NGC 7742. We have used high spectral resolution data from the MEGARA instrument attached to the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) to measure the kinematical components of the nebular emission lines of selected HII regions and the stellar velocity dispersions from the CaT absorption lines that allow the derivation of the associated cluster virialized masses. The emission line profiles show two different kinematical components: a narrow one with velocity dispersion $\sim$ 10 km/s and a broad one with velocity dispersion similar to those found for the stellar absorption lines. The derived star cluster dynamical masses range from 2.5 $\times$ 10$^6$ to 10.0 $\times$ 10$^7$ M$_\odot$. The comparison of gas and stellar velocity dispersions suggests a scenario where the clusters have formed simultaneously in a first star formation episode with a fraction of the stellar evolution feedback remaining trapped in the cluster, subject to the same gravitational potential as the cluster stars. Between 0.15 and 7.07 % of the total dynamical mass of the cluster would have cooled down and formed a new, younger, population of stars, responsible for the ionisation of the gas currently observed.

astro-ph.GA

A luminous and young galaxy at z=12.33 revealed by a JWST/MIRI detection of H{\alpha} and [OIII]

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has discovered a surprising population of bright galaxies in the very early universe (<500 Myrs after the Big Bang) that is hard to explain with conventional galaxy formation models and whose physical properties remain to be fully understood. Insight into their internal physics is best captured through nebular lines but, at these early epochs, the brightest of these spectral features are redshifted into the mid-infrared and remain elusive. Using the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument, MIRI, here we present the first detection of H{\alpha} and doubly-ionized oxygen ([OIII]5007AA) at z>10. These detections place the bright galaxy GHZ2/GLASS-z12 at z=12.33+/-0.04, making it the most distant astronomical object with direct spectroscopic detection of these lines. These observations provide key insights into the conditions of this primeval, luminous galaxy, which shows hard ionizing conditions rarely seen in the local Universe likely driven by compact and young (~30Myr) burst of star formation. Its oxygen-to-hydrogen abundance is close to a tenth of the solar value, indicating a rapid metal enrichment. This study confirms the unique conditions of this remarkably bright and distant galaxy and the huge potential of mid-IR observations to characterize these objects.

astro-ph.GA

Using newest VLT-KMOS HII Galaxies and other cosmic tracers to test the $Λ$CDM tension

We place novel constraints on the cosmokinetic parameters by using a joint analysis of the newest VLT-KMOS HII galaxies (HIIG) with the Supernovae Type Ia (SNIa) Pantheon sample. We combine the latter datasets in order to reconstruct, in a model-independent way, the Hubble diagram to as high redshifts as possible. Using a Gaussian process we derive the basic cosmokinetic parameters and compare them with those of $Λ$CDM. In the case of SNIa, we find that the extracted values of the cosmokinetic parameters are in agreement with the predictions of $Λ$CDM model. Combining SNIa with high redshift tracers of the Hubble relation, namely HIIG data, we obtain consistent results with those based on $Λ$CDM as far as the present values of the cosmokinetic parameters are concerned, but find significant deviations in the evolution of the cosmokinetic parameters with respect to the expectations of the concordance $Λ$CDM model.

astro-ph.CO

Cosmological Constraints using the newest VLT-KMOS HII Galaxies and the full Planck CMB spectrum

We present novel cosmological constraints based on a joint analysis of our HII galaxies (HIIG) Hubble relation with the full Planck Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy spectrum and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) probes. The HII galaxies span a large redshift range $(0.088 \le z \le 2.5)$, reaching significantly higher redshifts than available SNIa and hence they probe the cosmic expansion at earlier times. Our independent constraints compare well with those based on the Pantheon compilation of SNIa data, which we also analyse. We find our results to be in agreement with the conformal $Λ$CDM model within 1$σ$. We also use our HIIG data to examine the behaviour of the dark energy equation of state parameter under the CPL parameterisation, $w = w_0+w_a \frac{z}{1+z}$, and find consistent results with those based on SNIa, although the degeneracy in the parameter space as well as the individual parameter uncertainties, when marginalizing one over the other, are quite large.

astro-ph.CO

Independent cosmological constraints from high-z HII galaxies: new results from VLT-KMOS data

We present independent determinations of cosmological parameters using the distance estimator based on the established correlation between the Balmer line luminosity, L(H$β$), and the velocity dispersion ($σ$) for HII galaxies (HIIG). These results are based on new VLT-KMOS high spectral resolution observations of 41 high-z ($1.3 \leq$ z $\leq 2.6$) HIIG combined with published data for 45 high-z and 107 z $\leq 0.15$ HIIG, while the cosmological analysis is based on the MultiNest MCMC procedure not considering systematic uncertainties. Using only HIIG to constrain the matter density parameter ($Ω_m$), we find $Ω_m = 0.244^{+0.040}_{-0.049}$ (stat), an improvement over our best previous cosmological parameter constraints, as indicated by a 37% increase of the FoM. The marginalised best-fit parameter values for the plane $\{Ω_m; w_0\}$ = $\{0.249^{+0.11}_{-0.065}; -1.18^{+0.45}_{-0.41}\}$ (stat) show an improvement of the cosmological parameters constraints by 40%. Combining the HIIG Hubble diagram, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) probes yields $Ω_m=0.298 \pm 0.012$ and $w_0=-1.005 \pm 0.051$, which are certainly compatible -- although less constraining -- than the solution based on the joint analysis of SNIa/CMB/BAO. An attempt to constrain the evolution of the dark energy with time (CPL model), using a joint analysis of the HIIG, CMB and BAO measurements, shows a degenerate 1$σ$ contour of the parameters in the $\{w_0,w_a\}$ plane.

astro-ph.CO

Internal kinematics of giant H II regions in M101 with the Keck Cosmic Web Imager

We study the kinematics of the giant H II regions NGC 5455 and NGC 5471 located in the galaxy M101, using integral field observations that include the Hbeta and [O III] 5007 emission lines, obtained with the Keck Cosmic Web Imager. We analyse the line profiles using both single and multiple Gaussian curves, gathering evidence for the presence of several expanding shells and moving filaments. The line decomposition shows that a broad (sigma = 30-50 km/s) underlying component is ubiquitous, extending across hundreds of pc, while a large fraction of the narrow components have subsonic line widths. The supersonic turbulence inferred from the global line profiles is consistent with the velocity dispersion of the individual narrow components, i.e. the global profiles likely arise from the combined contribution of discrete gas clouds. We confirm the presence of very extended (400 - 1200 km/s) low-intensity line components in three bright star-forming cores in NGC 5471, possibly representing kinematic signatures of supernova remnants. For one of these, the known supernova remnant host NGC 5471 B, we find a significantly reduced [O III]/Hbeta line ratio relative to the surrounding photoionized gas, due to the presence of a radiative shock at low metallicity. We explore the systematic width discrepancy between H I and [O III] lines, present in both global and individual spaxel spectra. We argue that the resolution of this long-standing problem lies in the physics of the line-emitting gas rather than in the smearing effects induced by the different thermal widths.

astro-ph.GA

Independent Cosmological Constraints from high-z HII Galaxies

We present new high spectral resolution observations of 15 high-z ($1.3 \leq$ z $\leq 2.5$) HII Galaxies (HIIG) obtained with MOSFIRE at the Keck Observatory. These data, combined with already published data for another 31 high-z and 107 z $\leq 0.15$ HIIG, are used to obtain new independent cosmological results using the distance estimator based on the established correlation between the Balmer emission line velocity dispersion and luminosity for HIIG. Our results are in excellent agreement with the latest cosmological concordance model ($Λ$CDM) published results. From our analysis, we find a value for the mass density parameter of $Ω_m=0.290^{+0.056}_{-0.069}$ (stat). For a flat Universe we constrain the plane $\lbraceΩ_m;w_0\rbrace = \lbrace 0.280^{+0.130}_{-0.100} ; -1.12^{+0.58}_{-0.32}\rbrace $ (stat). The joint likelihood analysis of HIIG with other complementary cosmic probes (Cosmic Microwave Background and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations) provides tighter constraints for the parameter space of the Equation of State of Dark Energy that are also in excellent agreement with those of similar analyses using Type Ia Supernovae instead as the geometrical probe.

astro-ph.GA

A Bayesian direct method implementation to fit emission line spectra: Application to the primordial He abundance determination

This work presents a Bayesian algorithm to fit the recombination and collisionally excited line spectra of gas photoionized by clusters of young stars. The current model consists in fourteen dimensions: two electron temperatures, one electron density, the extinction coefficient, the optical depth on the $HeI$ recombination lines and nine ionic species. The results are in very good agreement with those previously published using the traditional methodology. The probabilistic programming library PyMC3 was chosen to explore the parameter space via a NUTs sampler. These machine learning tools provided excellent convergence quality and speed. The primordial helium abundance measured from a multivariable regression using oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur was $Y_{P,\,O-N-S}=0.243\pm0.005$ in agreement with a standard Big Bang scenario.

astro-ph.GA

From Giant H II regions and H II galaxies to globular clusters and compact dwarf ellipticals

Massive starforming regions like Giant HII Regions (GHIIR) and HII Galaxies (HIIG) are emission line systems ionized by compact young massive star clusters (YMC) with masses ranging from $10^4$M$_\odot$ to $10^8$M$_\odot$. We model the photometric and dynamical evolution over a Hubble time of the massive gravitationally bound systems that populate the tight relation between absolute blue magnitude and velocity dispersion ($M_{B}-σ$) of GHIIR and HIIG and compare the resulting relation with that one of old stellar systems: globular clusters, elliptical galaxies, bulges of spirals. After 12~Gyr of evolution their position on the $σ$ vs. M$_B$ plane coincides -- depending on the initial mass -- either with the globular clusters for systems with initial mass $M < 10^6$M$_\odot$ or with a continuation of the ellipticals, bulges of spirals and ultracompact dwarfs for YMC with $M >10^6$M$_\odot$. The slope change in the $M_{B}-σ$ and $M_B$-size relations at cluster masses around $10^6$M$_\odot$ is due to the larger impact of the dynamical evolution on the lower mass clusters. We interpret our result as an indication that the YMC that ionize GHIIR and HIIG can evolve to form globular clusters and ultra compact dwarf ellipticals in about 12 Gyr so that present day globular clusters and ultra compact dwarf ellipticals may have formed in conditions similar to those observed in today GHIIR and HIIG.

astro-ph.GA

Primordial helium abundance determination using sulphur as metallicity tracer

The primordial helium abundance $Y_P$ is calculated using sulphur as metallicity tracer in the classical methodology (with $Y_P$ as an extrapolation of $Y$ to zero metals). The calculated value, $Y_{P,\,S}=0.244\pm0.006$, is in good agreement with the estimate from the Planck experiment, as well as, determinations in the literature using oxygen as the metallicity tracer. The chemical analysis includes the sustraction of the nebular continuum and of the stellar continuum computed from simple stellar population synthesis grids. The $S^{+2}$ content is measured from the near infrared $\left[SIII\right]λ\lambda9069Å,9532Å$ lines, while an $ICF\left(S^{3+}\right)$ is proposed based on the $Ar^{3+}/Ar^{2+}$ fraction. Finally, we apply a multivariable linear regression using simultaneously oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur abundances for the same sample to determine the primordial helium abundance resulting in $Y_{P-O,\,N,\,S}=0.245\pm0.007$

astro-ph.GA

An independent determination of the local Hubble constant

The relationship between the integrated H$β$ line luminosity and the velocity dispersion of the ionized gas of HII galaxies and giant HII regions represents an exciting standard candle that presently can be used up to redshifts z ~ 4. Locally it is used to obtain precise measurements of the Hubble constant by combining the slope of the relation obtained from nearby ($z \leq $ 0.2) HII galaxies with the zero point determined from giant HII regions belonging to an `anchor sample' of galaxies for which accurate redshift-independent distance moduli are available. We present new data for 36 giant HII regions in 13 galaxies of the anchor sample that includes the megamaser galaxy NGC 4258. Our data is the result of the first four years of observation of our primary sample of 130 giant HII regions in 73 galaxies with Cepheid determined distances. Our best estimate of the Hubble parameter is $71.0\pm2.8(random)\pm2.1(systematic)$ km /s Mpc This result is the product of an independent approach and, although at present less precise than the latest SNIa results, it is amenable to substantial improvement.

astro-ph.CO

Optical/Near-IR spatially resolved study of the H II galaxy Tol 02

The main goal of this study is to characterise the stellar populations in very low metallicity galaxies. We have obtained broad U, B, R, I, J, H, K, intermediate Strömgren y and narrow Hα and [OIII] deep images of the Wolf-Rayet, Blue Compact Dwarf, H II galaxy Tol 02. We have analysed the low surface brightness component, the stellar cluster complexes and the H II regions. The stellar populations in the galaxy have been characterised by comparing the observed broad band colours with those of single stellar population models. The main results are consistent with Tol 02 being formed by a 1.5 Gyr old disk component at the centre of which a group of 8 massive $>10^4 \, M_{\odot}$ stellar cluster clumps is located. Six of these clumps are 10 Myr old and their near infrared colours suggest that their light is dominated by Red Supergiant stars, the other two are young Wolf-Rayet cluster candidates of ages 3 and 5 Myr respectively. 12 H II regions in the star-forming region of the galaxy are also identified. These are immersed in a diffuse Hα and [OIII] emission that spreads towards the North and South covering the old stellar disk. Our spatial-temporal analysis shows that star formation is more likely stochastic and simultaneous within short time scales. The mismatch between observations and models cannot be attributed alone to a mistreat of the RSG phase and still needs to be further investigated.

astro-ph.GA

The L - σ relation for HII galaxies in green

The correlation between emission-line luminosity (L) and profile width (sigma) for HII Galaxies provides a powerful method to measure the distances to galaxies over a wide range of redshifts. In this paper we use SDSS spectrophotometry to explore the systematics of the correlation using the [OIII]5007 lines instead of Halpha or Hbeta to measure luminosities and line widths. We also examine possible systematic effects involved in measuring the profile-widths and the luminosities through different apertures. We find that the green L-sigma relation defined using [OIII]5007 luminosities is significantly more sensitive than Hbeta to the effects of age and the physical conditions of the nebulae, which more than offsets the advantage of the higher strength of the [OIII]5007 lines. We then explore the possibility of mixing [OIII]5007 profile-widths with SDSS Hbeta luminosities using the Hubble constant H0 to quantify the possible systematic effects. We find the mixed L(Hbeta) sigma[OIII] relation to be at least as powerful as the canonical L-sigma relation as a distance estimator, and we show that the evolutionary corrections do not change the slope and the scatter of the correlation, and therefore, do not bias the L-sigma distance indicator at high redshifts. Locally, however, the luminosities of the Giant HII Regions that provide the zero-point calibrators are sensitive to evolutionary corrections and may bias the Hubble constant if their mean ages, as measured by the equivalent widths of Hbeta, are significantly different from the mean age of the HII Galaxies. Using a small sample of 16 ad-hoc zero point calibrators we obtain a value of H0 = 66.4\pm4.5 km s^-1 Mpc^-1 for the Hubble constant, which is fully consistent with the best modern determinations, and that is not biased by evolutionary corrections.

astro-ph.GA