On the largest Sidon subset in a finite subset of $\mathbb{R}^N$
We obtain a new lower bound on the largest Sidon subset of an arbitrary finite set of integers. If $H(n)$ denotes the minimum, over all $n$-element subsets of $\mathbb Z$, of the largest Sidon subset they contain, we prove that $H(n) \geqslant \left(\frac{1}{3\sqrt 3}+o(1)\right)\sqrt n \gtrsim 0.19\sqrt n$. This improves a lower bound of Abbott related to a conjecture of Erd\H{o}s on Sidon subsets of arbitrary sets of integers. The main ingredient is a compression lemma which produces, from any finite set of integers, a large subset admitting an injective Freiman $2$-morphism into a cyclic group. Combined with Singer's covering of $\mathbb Z/(q^2+q+1)\mathbb Z$ by Sidon sets, this yields the stated bound. We further extend the result to finite subsets of $\mathbb R^N$, uniformly in the dimension, by means of a projection argument and a Dirichlet approximation preserving Sidon's equation. As a consequence, every set of $n$ points in $\mathbb R^N$ contains a Sidon subset of cardinality at least $\left(\frac{1}{3\sqrt 3}+o(1)\right)\sqrt n$. We also discuss an adaptation to $B_2[g]$ sets, obtaining a lower bound of order $\frac{1}{3\sqrt 3}\sqrt{gn}$, and explain how the method can be adapted to other linear additive constraints.