arXiv subjects

Rocco Martinazzo

Publications and source records attributed to Rocco Martinazzo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Variational low-energy subspaces for chemically accurate excited states

Accurate electronic excited states are essential for photochemistry, spectroscopy and non-adiabatic molecular dynamics, but high-level calculations often scale steeply and require prior knowledge of the target state's character or symmetry. Here we show that variational excited-state optimization can be reformulated as an iterated ground-state-like problem for a low-energy subspace of the electronic Hamiltonian. Applying this variational principle to non-orthogonal Slater determinants leads to EXIDOS, an automatic method for excited state calculations controlled only by the number of states and determinants per state. EXIDOS optimizes multiple excited states simultaneously, without explicit orthogonality constraints or imposed spin and point-group symmetries. Benchmarks against FCI and state-of-the-art quantum chemistry methods show chemical accuracy for a multitude of states in N$_2$ and CO, charge-transfer states in HCl, Rydberg states in NH$_3$, double excitations and extended potential-energy curves in C$_2$, and avoided crossings and conical intersections in ethylene. These results establish EXIDOS as a low-scaling, fully variational route to chemically accurate excited states.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2026

Spin-orbit coupling and beyond in Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity

Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) describes the emergence of spin-polarized electron transport in chiral systems without magnetic fields, a remarkable effect in light-element materials with weak intrinsic spin-orbit coupling (SOC). This mini-review analyzes the microscopic origins of CISS, highlighting how molecular chirality, local electric fields, and dynamic distortions enhance effective SOC and drive spin-dependent transport. We critically assess existing models in terms of their symmetry constraints, phenomenological assumptions, and compliance with Onsager reciprocity. Recent developments combining relativistic quantum mechanics and complete multipole representations reveal a direct link between chirality density and spin current pseudoscalars, suggesting a field-theoretic foundation for CISS. These insights could help position light-element chiral nanomaterials as tunable platforms for probing and engineering spin-selective phenomena at the nanoscale.

cond-mat.other↗

arXiv2025

A Haldane-Anderson Hamiltonian Model for Hyperthermal Hydrogen Scattering from a Semiconductor Surface

Collisions of atoms and molecules with metal surfaces create electronic excitations in the metal, leading to nonadiabatic energy dissipation, inelastic scattering, and sticking. Mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulation methods, such as molecular dynamics with electronic friction, are able to capture nonadiabatic energy loss during dynamics at metal surfaces. Hydrogen atom scattering from semiconductors, on the other hand, exhibits strong adsorbate-surface energy transfer only when the projectile kinetic energy exceeds the bandgap of the substrate. Electronic friction fails to describe this effect. Here, we report a first-principles parameterization of a simple Haldane-Anderson Hamiltonian model of hydrogen atom gas-surface scattering on Ge(111)$c(2\times8)$, for which hyperthermal scattering experiments have been reported. We subsequently perform independent-electron surface hopping and Ehrenfest dynamics simulations on this model, and validate these results through numerically exact quantum-dynamical simulations using the hierarchical equation of motion approach. While mean-field dynamics yield weak nonadiabatic energy loss that is independent of the initial kinetic energy, independent electron surface hopping simulations qualitatively agree with the experimental observation that nonadiabatic energy dissipation only occurs if the initial kinetic energy exceeds the bandgap of the surface.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2025

Adaptive quantum dynamics with the time-dependent variational Monte Carlo method

We introduce an extension of the time-dependent variational Monte Carlo (tVMC) method that adaptively controls the expressivity of the variational quantum state during the simulation of the dynamics. This adaptive tVMC (atVMC) approach is specifically designed to enhance numerical stability when overparameterized variational ans\"atze lead to ill-conditioned equations of motion. Building on the concept of the local-in-time error (LITE), a measure of the deviation between variational and exact evolution, we introduce a procedure to quantify each parameter's contribution to reducing the LITE, using only quantities already computed in standard tVMC simulations. These relevance estimates guide the selective evolution of only the most significant parameters at each time step, while maintaining a prescribed level of accuracy. We benchmark the algorithm on quantum quenches in the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model using both spin-Jastrow and restricted Boltzmann machine wave functions, with an emphasis on overparameterized regimes. The adaptive scheme significantly improves numerical stability and reduces the need for strong regularization, enabling reliable simulations with highly expressive variational ans\"atze.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

Reduced Density Matrices and Phase-Space Distributions in Thermofield Dynamics

Thermofield dynamics (TFD) is a powerful framework to account for thermal effects in a wavefunction setting, and has been extensively used in physics and quantum optics. TFD relies on a duplicated state space and creates a correlated two-mode thermal state via a Bogoliubov transformation acting on the vacuum state. However, a very useful variant of TFD uses the vacuum state as initial condition and transfers the Bogoliubov transformation into the propagator. This variant, referred to here as the inverse Bogoliubov transformation (iBT) variant, has recently been applied to vibronic coupling problems and coupled-oscillator Hamiltonians in a chemistry context, where the method is combined with efficient tensor network methods for high-dimensional quantum propagation. In the iBT/TFD representation, the mode expectation values are clearly defined and easy to calculate, but the thermalized reduced particle distributions such as the reduced 1-particle densities or Wigner distributions are highly non-trivial due to the Bogoliubov back-transformation of the original thermal TFD wavefunction. Here we derive formal expressions for the reduced 1-particle density matrix (1-RDM) that uses the correlations between the real and tilde modes encoded in the associated reduced 2-particle density matrix (2-RDM). We apply this formalism to define the 1-RDM and the Wigner distributions in the special case of a thermal harmonic oscillator. Moreover, we discuss several approximate schemes that can be extended to higher-dimensional distributions. These methods are demonstrated for the thermal reduced 1-particle density of an anharmonic oscillator.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

Precise Quantum Chemistry calculations with few Slater Determinants

Slater determinants have underpinned quantum chemistry for nearly a century, yet their full potential has remained challenging to exploit. In this work, we show that a variational wavefunction composed of a few hundred optimized non-orthogonal determinants can achieve energy accuracies comparable to the state of the art. This is obtained by introducing an optimization method that leverages the quadratic dependence of the variational energy on the orbitals of each determinant, enabling an exact iterative optimization, and uses an efficient tensor-contraction algorithm to evaluate the effective Hamiltonian with a computational cost that scales as the fourth power of the number of basis functions. We benchmark the accuracy of the proposed method with exact full-configuration interaction results where available, and we achieve lower variational energies than coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) for several molecules in the double-zeta basis.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2024

Relativistic Dynamics and Electron Transport in Isolated Chiral Molecules

The Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity (CISS) effect describes the ability of chiral molecules and crystals to transmit spin-polarized currents, a phenomenon first identified in 1999. Although this effect holds great promise for a broad spectrum of different applications in device physics and synthetic chemistry (including, e.g., spintronics, quantum computing, spin- and enantio-selective chemistry), its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The prevailing hypothesis attributes the CISS effect to enhanced spin-orbit coupling (SOC) within chiral molecules. However, the SOC magnitude required to align with experimental observations significantly exceeds the values derived from conventional atomic-scale calculations, particularly for systems composed of light atoms. In this work, we leverage the implementation of \texttt{fully relativistic density functional theory (DFT)} equations, as available in the \texttt{Dirac code}, to investigate how molecular chirality manifests itself in the chirality density of electronic states. We further explore how this responds to an applied external electric field. To assess spin-dependent transport, we employ the \texttt{Landauer-Imry-B\"uttiker} formalism, examining the dependence of spin transmission on the twist angle of the molecular structure that defines its geometrical chirality. While our findings qualitatively align with experimental trends, they point to the necessity of a more general treatment of SOC, \textit{e.g.}, including geometrical terms or through the dependence of advanced exchange-correlation functionals on the electronic spin-current density.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2024

Quantum rates in dissipative systems with spatially varying friction

We investigate whether making the friction spatially dependent on the reaction coordinate introduces quantum effects into the thermal reaction rates for dissipative reactions. Quantum rates are calculated using the numerically exact multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method, as well as the approximate ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), ring-polymer instanton (RPI) methods, and classical mechanics. By conducting simulations across a wide range of temperatures and friction strengths, we can identify the various regimes that govern the reactive dynamics. At high temperatures, in addition to the spatial-diffusion and energy-diffusion regimes predicted by Kramer's rate theory, a (coherent) tunnelling-dominated regime is identified at low friction. At low temperatures, incoherent tunnelling dominates most of Kramer's curve, except at very low friction when coherent tunnelling becomes dominant. Unlike in classical mechanics, the bath's influence changes the equilibrium time-independent properties of the system, leading to a complex interplay between spatially dependent friction and nuclear quantum effects even at high temperatures. More specifically, a realistic friction profile can lead to an increase (decrease) of the quantum (classical) rates with friction within the spatial-diffusion regime, showing that classical and quantum rates display qualitatively different behaviours. Except at very low frictions, we find that RPMD captures most of the quantum effects in the thermal reaction rates.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2024

Emergence of the molecular geometric phase from exact electron-nuclear dynamics

Geometric phases play a crucial role in diverse fields. In chemistry they appear when a reaction path encircles an intersection between adiabatic potential energy surfaces and the molecular wavefunction experiences quantum-mechanical interference effects. This intriguing effect, closely resembling the magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect, crucially relies on the adiabatic description of the dynamics, and it is uncertain whether and how it persists in an exact quantum dynamical framework. Recent works have shown that the geometric phase is an artifact of the adiabatic approximation, thereby challenging the perceived utility of the geometric phase concept in molecules. Here, we investigate this issue in an exact dynamical framework. We introduce instantaneous, gauge invariant phases separately for the electrons and for the nuclei, and use them to monitor the phase difference between the trailing edges of a wavepacket encircling a conical intersection. In this way we unambiguosly assess the role of the geometric phase in the interference process and shed light on its persistence in molecular systems.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

Dynamics of the molecular geometric phase

The fate of the molecular geometric phase in an exact dynamical framework is investigated with the help of the exact factorization of the wavefunction and a recently proposed quantum hydrodynamical description of its dynamics. An instantaneous, gauge invariant phase is introduced for arbitrary paths in nuclear configuration space in terms of hydrodynamical variables, and shown to reduce to the adiabatic geometric phase when the state is adiabatic and the path is closed. The evolution of the closed-path phase over time is shown to adhere to a Maxwell-Faraday induction law, with non-conservative forces arising from the electron dynamics that play the role of electromotive forces. We identify the pivotal forces that are able to change the value of the phase, thereby challenging any topological argument. Nonetheless, negligible changes in the phase occur when the local dynamics along the probe loop is approximately adiabatic. In other words, the adiabatic idealization of geometric phase effects may remain suitable for effectively describing certain dynamic observables.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

Quantum hydrodynamics of coupled electron-nuclear systems

The quantum dynamics of electron-nuclear systems is analyzed from the perspective of the exact factorization of the wavefunction, with the aim of defining gauge invariant equations of motion for both the nuclei and the electrons. For pure states this is accomplished with a quantum hydrodynamical description of the nuclear dynamics and electronic density operators tied to the fluid elements. For statistical mixtures of states the exact factorization approach is extended to two limiting situations that we call "type-n" and "type-e" mixtures, depending on whether the nuclei or the electrons are, respectively, in an intrinsically mixed state. In both cases a fully gauge invariant formulation of the dynamics is obtained again in hydrodynamic form with the help of mechanical momentum moments (MMMs). Nuclear MMMs extend in a gauge invariant way the ordinary momentum moments of the Wigner distribution associated with a density matrix of positional variables, electron MMMs are operator-valued and represent a generalization of the (conditional) density operators used for pure states. The theory presented here bridges exact quantum dynamics with several mixed quantum-classical approaches currently in use to tackle non-adiabatic molecular problems, offering a foundation for systematic improvements. It further connects to non-adiabatic theories in condensed-phase systems. As an example, we re-derive the finite-temperature theory of electronic friction of Dou, Miao \& Subotnik (Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 046001 (2017)) from the dynamics of "type-e" mixtures and discuss possible improvements.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2023

Quantum algorithms for grid-based variational time evolution

The simulation of quantum dynamics calls for quantum algorithms working in first quantized grid encodings. Here, we propose a variational quantum algorithm for performing quantum dynamics in first quantization. In addition to the usual reduction in circuit depth conferred by variational approaches, this algorithm also enjoys several advantages compared to previously proposed ones. For instance, variational approaches suffer from the need for a large number of measurements. However, the grid encoding of first quantized Hamiltonians only requires measuring in position and momentum bases, irrespective of the system size. Their combination with variational approaches is therefore particularly attractive. Moreover, heuristic variational forms can be employed to overcome the limitation of the hard decomposition of Trotterized first quantized Hamiltonians into quantum gates. We apply this quantum algorithm to the dynamics of several systems in one and two dimensions. Our simulations exhibit the previously observed numerical instabilities of variational time propagation approaches. We show how they can be significantly attenuated through subspace diagonalization at a cost of an additional $\mathcal{O}(MN^2)$ 2-qubit gates where $M$ is the number of dimensions and $N^M$ is the total number of grid points.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

Anomalous delocalization of resonant states in graphene \& the vacancy magnetic moment

Carbon atom vacancies in graphene give rise to a local magnetic moment of $σ+π$ origin, whose magnitude is yet uncertain and debated. Partial quenching of $π$ magnetism has been ubiquitously reported in periodic $first-principles$ calculations, with magnetic moments scattered in the range 1.0 - 2.0 $μ_{B}$, slowly converging to the lower or the upper end, depending on how the diluted limit is approached. By contrast, (ensemble) density functional theory calculations on cluster models neatly converge to the value of $2$ $μ_{B}$ when increasing the system size. This stunning discrepancy has sparked an ongoing debate about the role of defect-defect interactions and self-doping, and about the importance of the self-interaction-error in the density-functional-theory description of the vacancy-induced states. Here, we settle this puzzle by showing that the problem has a fundamental, mono-electronic origin which is related to the special (periodic) arrangement of defects that results when using the slab-supercell approach. Specifically, we report the existence of resonant states that are $anomalously$ delocalized over the lattice and that make the $π$ midgap band $unphysically$ dispersive, hence prone to self-doping and quenching of the $π$ magnetism. Hybrid functionals fix the problem by widening the gap between the spin-resolved $π$ midgap bands, without reducing their artificial widths. As a consequence, while reconciling the magnetic moment with expectations, they predict a spin-splitting which is one order of magnitude larger than found in experiments.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2021

Quantum Dynamics with Electronic Friction

A theory of electronic friction is developed using the exact factorization of the electron-nuclear wavefunction. No assumption is made regarding the electronic bath, which can be made of independent or interacting electrons, and the nuclei are treated quantally. The ensuing equation of motion for the nuclear wavefunction is a non-linear Schrödinger equation including a friction term. The resulting friction kernel agrees with a previously derived mixed quantum-classical result by Dou, Miao \& Subotnik (\emph{Phys. Rev. Lett.} \textbf{119}, 046001 (2017)), except for a \emph{pseudo}-magnetic contribution in the latter that is here removed. More specifically, it is shown that the electron dynamics generally washes out the\emph{ gauge} fields appearing in the adiabatic dynamics. However, at T=0 K, the \emph{pseudo}-magnetic force is fully re-established in the typical situation where the electrons respond rapidy on the slow time-scale of the nuclear dynamics (Markov limit). Hence, we predict Berry's phase effects to be observable also in the presence of electronic friction, and non-trivial geometric phases should be attainable for molecules on metallic magnetic surfaces.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2021

Comment on "Regularizing the MCTDH equations of motion through an optimal choice on-the-fly (i.e., spawning) of unoccupied single-particle functions" [D. Mendive-Tapia, H.-D. Meyer, J. Chem. Phys. 153, 234114 (2020)]

The purpose of the present Comment is to point out the connection between an approach to spawning and regularization that was recently introduced by D. Mendive-Tapia and H.-D. Meyer [J. Chem. Phys. 153, 234114 (2020)] in the context of the Multiconfiguration Time-Dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method, and earlier work where adaptive variational quantum propagation based on the Local-in-Time Error (LITE) was introduced [R. Martinazzo and I. Burghardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 150601 (2020); arXiv:1907.00841 [quant-ph] (2019)]. Furthermore, we show that the LITE represents a gauge-invariant distance which provides a natural, physically sound tool for adaptive quantum dynamics.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2019

Local-in-time error in variational quantum dynamics

The McLachlan "minimum-distance" principle for optimizing approximate solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is revisited, with a focus on the local-in-time error accompanying the variational solutions. Simple, exact expressions are provided for this error, which are then evaluated in illustrative cases, notably the widely used mean-field approach and the adiabatic quantum molecular dynamics. These findings pave the way for the rigorous development of adaptive schemes that re-size on-the-fly the underlying variational manifold and thus optimize the overall computational cost of a quantum dynamical simulation.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2011

Few simple rules governing hydrogenation of graphene dots

We investigated binding of hydrogen atoms to small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - i.e. graphene dots with hydrogen-terminated edges - using density functional theory and correlated wavefunction techniques. We considered a number of PAHs with 3 to 7 hexagonal rings and computed binding energies for most of the symmetry unique sites, along with the minimum energy paths for significant cases. The chosen PAHs are small enough to not present radical character at their edges, yet show a clear preference for adsorption at the edge sites which can be attributed to electronic effects. We show how the results, as obtained at different level of theory, can be rationalized in detail with the help of few simple concepts derivable from a tight-binding model of the $π$ electrons.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2011

The effect of atomic-scale defects and dopants on graphene electronic structure

Graphene, being one-atom thick, is extremely sensitive to the presence of adsorbed atoms and molecules and, more generally, to defects such as vacancies, holes and/or substitutional dopants. This property, apart from being directly usable in molecular sensor devices, can also be employed to tune graphene electronic properties. Here we briefly review the basic features of atomic-scale defects that can be useful for material design. After a brief introduction on isolated $p_z$ defects, we analyse the electronic structure of multiple defective graphene substrates, and show how to predict the presence of microscopically ordered magnetic structures. Subsequently, we analyse the more complicated situation where the electronic structure, as modified by the presence of some defects, affects chemical reactivity of the substrate towards adsorption (chemisorption) of atomic/molecular species, leading to preferential sticking on specific lattice positions. Then, we consider the reverse problem, that is how to use defects to engineer graphene electronic properties. In this context, we show that arranging defects to form honeycomb-shaped superlattices (what we may call "supergraphenes") a sizeable gap opens in the band structure and new Dirac cones are created right close to the gapped region. Similarly, we show that substitutional dopants such as group IIIA/VA elements may have gapped quasi-conical structures corresponding to massive Dirac carriers. All these possible structures might find important technological applications in the development of graphene-based logic transistors.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗