arXiv subjects

Rodrigo S. Gonçalves

Publications and source records attributed to Rodrigo S. Gonçalves.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Revisiting the CMB homogeneity scale: low multipoles removal effect and extragalactic foreground masking

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) reaches homogeneity at relatively modest angular scales compared to the expectation of the standard $Λ$CDM model revealing an important challenge to the theoretical predictions. We analyze this inconsistency through the homogeneity scale $H$ and the slope of the homogeneity index at $θ= 90^\circ$. We find that the removal of low multipoles, in particular the quadrupole, from both the data and the $Λ$CDM synthetic CMB maps, significantly improve the consistency between models and observations. This adds to indications of the relevant contribution of the low value of the CMB quadrupole to the observed anomalies in the homogeneity scale. Due to the presence of a new extragalactic foreground in the CMB maps, we have performed statistical analyses with different masking taking into account the regions mostly affected. In particular we consider galaxies in the local neighborhood which are expected to affect more significantly the large angular scales. We find that by masking these regions, the analysis cannot solve the discrepancy between the observations and the $Λ$CDM model in spite of a small improvement of their mutual consistency. The studies with both foreground masking and low-$\ell$ removed CMB maps show similar results than those of the full CMB map indicating that the main discrepancy between theory and observations is associated to the quadrupole anomaly and may require more exhaustive analysis.

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arXiv2025

Current constraints on the minimally extended varying speed of light model through the cosmic distance duality relation

One of the most crucial tests of the standard cosmological model consists on testing possible variations on fundamental physical constants. In frameworks such as the minimally extended varying speed of light model (meVSL), the relationship between the luminosity distance ($D_{\text{L}}$) and the angular diameter distance ($D_{\text{A}}$), namely the cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR), is expected to deviate from $η(z) \equiv D_{\text{L}}/D_{\text{A}}(z)(1+z)^{-2} = 1$, making it a powerful probe to check a potential variation of fundamental constants. Hence, we test the viability of the meVSL model through the CDDR by comparing $D_{\text{A}}$ measurements, provided by the transverse (2D) and anisotropic (3D) baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) observations from different surveys, like SDSS, DES and DESI, in combination with $D_{\text{L}}$ measurements from Pantheon+ type Ia Supernova (SNe) compilation. The Gaussian Process reconstruction is employed on the SN data to match $D_{\text{A}}$ with $D_{\text{L}}$ at the same redshift. We find no deviation of the standard CDDR relation within 1-2.6$σ$ confidence level when considering SNe with 2D and 3D BAO samples combined together. However, when SNe and 2D BAO only are considered, the standard CDDR is only recovered at $\sim 4σ$ confidence level. However, such a result might be due to some recently discussed tensions between SN and BAO datasets, especially at low redshifts, in addition to possible inconsistencies between the BAO datasets individually. Therefore, our results show no significant evidence in favour of the meVSL model, once these potential systematics are taken into account.

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arXiv2025

Cosmological constraints from angular homogeneity scale measurements

In this paper, we obtain new measurements of the angular homogeneity scale ($θ_H$) from the BOSS DR12 and eBOSS DR16 catalogs of Luminous Red Galaxies of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Considering the flat $Λ$CDM model, we use the $θ_H(z)$ data to constrain the matter density parameter ($Ω_{m0}$) and the Hubble constant ($H_{0}$). We find $H_0 = 65^{+10}_{-7}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ and $Ω_{m0}>0.296$. By combining the $θ_H$ measurements with current Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) and Type Ia Supernova (SN) data, we obtain $H_{0}= 66.8 \pm 5.0$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ and $Ω_{m0} = 0.292^{+0.013}_{-0.015}$ ($θ_H$ + BAO) and $H_{0}=66.8 \pm 5.4 $ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ and $Ω_{m0}=0.331 \pm 0.018$ ($θ_H$ + SN). We show that $θ_H$ measurements help break the BAO and SN degeneracies concerning $H_0$, as they do not depend on the sound horizon scale at the drag epoch or the SN absolute magnitude value obtained from the distance ladder method. Hence, despite those constraints are less stringent compared to other probes, $θ_H$ data may provide an independent cosmological probe of $H_0$ in light of the Hubble tension. For completeness, we also forecast the constraining power of future $θ_H$ data via Monte Carlo simulations. Considering a relative error of the order of 1$\%$, we obtain competitive constraints on $Ω_{m0}$ and $H_0$ ($\approx 5\%$ error) from the joint analysis with current SN and BAO measurements.

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arXiv2025

Non-parametric reconstructions of cosmic curvature: current constraints and forecasts

The assumption of a flat Universe that follows the cosmological principle, i.e., that the universe is statistically homogeneous and isotropic at large scales, comprises one of the core foundations of the standard cosmological model -- namely, the $Λ$CDM paradigm. Nevertheless, it has been rarely tested in the literature. In this work, we assess the validity of this hypothesis by reconstructing the cosmic curvature with currently available observations, such as Type Ia Supernova and Cosmic Chronometers. We do so by means of null tests, given by consistency relations within the standard model scenario, using a non-parametric method -- which allows us to circumvent prior assumptions on the underlying cosmology. We find no statistically significant departure from the cosmological principle and null curvature in our analysis. In addition, we show that future cosmological observations, specifically those expected from Hubble parameter measurements from redshift surveys, along with gravitational wave observations as standard sirens, will be able to significantly reduce the uncertainties of current reconstructions.

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arXiv2024

Measuring the speed of light with cosmological observations: current constraints and forecasts

We measure the speed of light with current observations, such as Type Ia Supernova, galaxy ages, radial BAO mode, as well as simulations of forthcoming redshift surveys and gravitational waves as standard sirens. By means of a Gaussian Process reconstruction, we find that the precision of such measurements can be improved from roughly 6\% and to about $2-2.5\%$ when the gravitational wave simulations are considered, and to $1.5-2\%$ when redshift survey are included in the analysis as well. This result demonstrates that we will be able to perform a cosmological measurement of a fundamental physical constant with significantly improved precision, which will help us underpinning if its value is truly consistent with local measurements, as predicted by the standard model of Cosmology.

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arXiv2024

Can the angular scale of cosmic homogeneity be used as a cosmological test?

In standard cosmology, the cosmic homogeneity scale is the transition scale above which the patterns arising from non-uniformities -- such as groups and clusters of galaxies, voids, and filaments -- become indistinguishable from a random distribution of sources. Recently, different groups have investigated the feasibility of using such a scale as a cosmological test and arrived at different conclusions. In this paper, we complement and extend these studies by exploring the evolution of the spatial (${\cal{R}}_H$) and angular ($θ_H$) homogeneity scales with redshift, assuming a spatially flat, $Λ$-Cold Dark Matter %($Λ$CDM) universe and linear cosmological perturbation theory. We confirm previous results concerning the non-monotonicity of ${\cal{R}}_H$ with the matter density parameter $Ω_{m0}$ but also show that it exhibits a monotonical behavior with the Hubble constant $H_0$ within a large redshift interval. More importantly, we find that, for $z \gtrsim 0.6$, the angular homogeneity scale not only presents a monotonical behavior with $Ω_{m0}$ and $H_0$ but is quite sensitive to $H_0$, especially at higher redshifts. These results, therefore, raise the possibility of using $θ_H$ as a new, model-independent way to constrain cosmological parameters.

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arXiv2024

Forecasting constraints on the baryon mass fraction in the IGM from fast radio bursts and type Ia supernovae

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are millisecond transient radio events with a high energy. By identifying the origin of the \textbf{burst}, it is possible to measure the redshift of the host galaxy, which can be used to constrain cosmological and astrophysical parameters and test aspects of fundamental physics when combined with the dispersion measure ($DM$). However, some factors limit the cosmological application of FRBs: (i) the poor modelling of the fluctuations in the $DM$ due to spatial variation in the cosmic electrons density; (ii) the fact that the fraction of baryon mass in the intergalactic medium ($f_{IGM}$) is degenerated with some cosmological parameters; (iii) the limited knowledge about host galaxy contribution ($DM_{host}$). In this work, we investigate the impact of different redshift distribution models of FRBs to constrain the baryon fraction in the IGM and host galaxy contribution. We use a cosmological model-independent method developed in previous work \cite{Lemos2023} to perform the analysis and combine simulated FRB data from Monte Carlo simulation and supernovae data. We assume four distribution models for the FRBs: gamma-ray bursts (GRB), star formation rate (SFR), uniform and equidistant (ED). Also, we consider samples with $N = 15, 30, 100$ and $500$ points and different values of the fluctuations of electron density in the $DM$, $δ= 0, 100, 200, 400, 230\sqrt{z}$ pc/cm$^{3}$. Our analysis shows that all the distribution models present consistent results within $2σ$ for the free parameters $f_{IGM}$ and $DM_{host,0}$ and highlights the crucial role of $DM$ fluctuations in obtaining more precise measurements.

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arXiv2023

Cosmological model-independent constraints on the baryon fraction in the IGM from fast radio bursts and supernovae data

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration radio transients with an observed dispersion measure ($DM$) greater than the expected Milky Way contribution, which suggests that such events are of extragalactic origin. Although some models have been proposed to explain the physics of the pulse, the mechanism behind the FRBs emission is still unknown. From FRBs data with known host galaxies, the redshift is directly measured and can be combined with estimates of the $DM$ to constrain the cosmological parameters, such as the baryon number density and the Hubble constant. However, the poor knowledge of the fraction of baryonic mass in the intergalactic medium ($f_{IGM}$) and its degeneracy with the cosmological parameters impose limits on the cosmological application of FRBs. In this work we present a cosmological model-independent method to determine the evolution of $f_{IGM}$ combining the latest FRBs observations with localized host galaxy and current supernovae data. We consider constant and time-dependent $f_{IGM}$ parameterizations and show, through a Bayesian model selection analysis, that a conclusive answer about the time-evolution of $f_{IGM}$ depend strongly on the $DM$ fluctuations due to the spatial variation in cosmic electron density ($δ$). In particular, our analysis show that the evidence varies from strong (in favor of a growing evolution of $f_{IGM}$ with redshift) to inconclusive, as larger values of $δ$ are considered.

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arXiv2022

The angular scale of homogeneity with SDSS-IV DR16 Luminous Red Galaxies

We report measurements of the angular scale of cosmic homogeneity ($θ_{H}$) using the recently released luminous red galaxy sample of the sixteenth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV LRG DR16). It consists of a model-independent method, as we only use the celestial coordinates of these objects to carry out such an analysis. The observational data is divided into thin redshift bins, namely $0.67<z<0.68$, $0.70<z<0.71$, and $0.73<z<0.74$, in order to avoid projection biases, and we estimate our uncertainties through a bootstrap method and a suite of mock catalogues. We find that the LRGs exhibit an angular scale of homogeneity consistent with the predictions of the standard cosmology within the redshift interval studied. Considering the bootstrap method, in which the measurements are obtained in a model-independent way, we found at 1$σ$ level that $θ_H^{boot}(0.675) = 7.57 \pm 2.91$ deg, $θ_H^{boot} (0.705) = 7.49 \pm 2.63$ deg and $θ_H^{boot} (0.735) = 8.88 \pm 2.81$ deg. Such results are in good agreement with the ones obtained using mock catalogues built under the assumption of the standard cosmological model.

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arXiv2021

Measuring the cosmic homogeneity scale with SDSS-IV DR16 Quasars

We report measurements of the scale of cosmic homogeneity ($r_{h}$) using the recently released quasar sample of the sixteenth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV DR16). We perform our analysis in 2 redshift bins lying in the redshift interval $2.2 < z < 3.2$ by means of the fractal dimension $D_2$. By adopting the usual assumption that $r_{h}$ is obtained when $D_2 \sim 2.97$, that is, within 1% of $D_2=3$, we find the cosmic homogeneity scale with a decreasing trend with redshift, and in good agreement with the $Λ$CDM prediction. Our results confirm the presence of a homogeneity scale in the spatial distribution of quasars as predicted by the fundamental assumptions of the standard cosmological model.

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arXiv2019

Variation in the fine-structure constant, distance-duality relation and the next generation of high-resolution spectrograph

The possibility of variation of the fundamental constants of nature has been a long-standing question, with important consequences for fundamental physics and cosmology. In particular, it has been shown that variations in the fine-structure constant, $α$, are directly related to violation of the distance duality relation (DDR), which holds true as long as photons travel on unique null geodesics and their number is conserved. In this paper we use the currently available measurements of ${Δα}/α$ to impose the most stringent constraints on departures of the DDR to date, here quantified by the parameter $η$. We also perform a forecast analysis to discuss the ability of the new generation of high-resolution spectrograph, like ESPRESSO/VLT and E-ELT-HIRES, to constrain the DDR parameter $η$. From the current data we obtain constraints on $η$ of the order of $10^{-7}$ whereas the forecasted constraints are two orders of magnitude lower. Considering the expected level of uncertainties of the upcoming measurements, we also estimate the necessary number of data points to confirm the hypotheses behind the DDR.

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