arXiv subjects

Roel van de Krol

Publications and source records attributed to Roel van de Krol.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Bubble-induced versus thermodynamic voltage losses during pressurized alkaline water electrolysis

Understanding how bubbles influence the efficiency of water electrolysis is crucial to achieve economically competitive hydrogen, generated by renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power. Water electrolysis is typically performed at high pressures to reduce the cost of energy-intensive mechanical compression of the produced H2. Thus, a better understanding of how the absolute pressure affects electrochemical performance and bubble size is necessary. In general, bubble sizes decrease as the pressure increases. Using different-sized pillar-patterned Ni electrodes generated by Direct Laser Writing, the detached bubble sizes can be modified even at elevated pressures. As the pillar size increases, the bubbles become larger at all pressures investigated from 1 to 6 bar. At a current density of -25 mA/cm2, the cathodic potential increases with pressure according to the thermodynamic voltage losses given by the Nernst equation (~ 23 mV at p = 6 bar). Surprisingly, increasing the current density to 100 mA/cm2 leads to a reduction of the overpotential by up to ~ 60 mV. Reduced bubble sizes at increased pressures minimize the losses caused by the bubbles, thereby compensating for the thermodynamic voltage penalty. Applying the Buckingham Π-theorem enables the derivation of dimensionless numbers to characterize the ratio of bubble-induced and thermodynamic voltage losses

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2021

Different Photostability of BiVO4 in Near-pH-Neutral Electrolytes

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising route to produce hydrogen from solar energy. However, corrosion of semiconducting photoelectrodes remains a fundamental challenge for their practical application. The stability of BiVO4, one of the best performing photoanode materials, is systematically examined here using an illuminated scanning flow cell to measure its dissolution operando. The dissolution rates of BiVO4 under illumination depend on the electrolyte and decrease in the order: borate (pH=9.3) > phosphate (pH=7.2) > citrate (pH=7.0). BiVO4 exhibits an inherent lack of stability during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), while hole-scavenging citrate electrolyte offers kinetic protection. The dissolution of Bi peaks at different potentials than the dissolution of V in phosphate buffer, whereas both ions dissolve simultaneously in borate buffer. The life cycle of a 90 nm BiVO4 film is monitored during one hour of light-driven OER in borate buffer. The photocurrent and dissolution rates show independent trends with time, highlighting the importance to measure both quantities operando. Dissolution rates are correlated to the surface morphology and chemistry characterized using electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atom probe tomography. These correlative measurements further the understanding on corrosion processes of photoelectrodes down to the nanoscopic scale to facilitate their future developments.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2019

Absorption Enhancement for Ultra-Thin Solar Fuel Devices with Plasmonic Gratings

We present a concept for an ultra-thin solar fuel device with a nanostructured back contact. Using rigorous simulations we show that the nanostructuring significantly increases the absorption in the semiconductor, CuBi$_2$O$_4$ in this case, by 47\% (5.2~mAcm$^{-2}$) through the excitation of plasmonic modes. We are able to attribute the resonances in the device to metal-insulator-metal plasmons coupled to either localised surface plasmon resonances or surface plasmon polaritons. Rounding applied to the metallic corners leads to a blueshift in the resonance wavelength while maintaining absorption enhancement, thus supporting the possibility for a successful realization of the device. For a 2D array, the tolerance of the polarization-dependent absorption enhancement is investigated and compared to a planar structure. The device maintains an absorption enhancement up to incident angles of 75$^{\circ}$. The study highlights the high potential for plasmonics in ultra-thin opto-electronic devices such as in solar fuel generation.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2013

The interface of GaP(100) and H2O studied by photoemission and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy

We study the initial interaction of adsorbed H2O with P-rich and Ga-rich GaP(100) surfaces. Atomically well defined surfaces are prepared by metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy and transferred contamination-free to ultra-high vacuum, where water is adsorbed at room temperature. Finally, the surfaces are annealed in vapour phase ambient. During all steps, the impact on the surface properties is monitored with in-situ reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). Photoelectron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction are applied for further in-system studies. After exposure up to saturation of the RA spectra, the Ga-rich (2 x 4) surface reconstruction exhibits a sub-monolayer coverage in form of a mixture of molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed water. For the p(2 x 2)/c(4 x 2) P-rich surface reconstruction, a new c(2 x 2) superstructure forms upon adsorption and the uptake of adsorbate is significantly reduced when compared to the Ga-rich surface. Our findings show that microscopic surface reconstructions of GaP(100) greatly impact the mechanism of initial interface formation with water, which could benefit the design of e.g. photoelectrochemical water splitting devices.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗