arXiv subjects

Roger Ellman

Publications and source records attributed to Roger Ellman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2008

Analysis of The Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed in Spacecraft Flybys of Earth

In March 2008 anomalous behavior in spacecraft flybys of Earth was reported in Physical Review Letters, Volume 100, Issue 9, March 7, 2008, in an article entitled "Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth". The data indicate unaccounted for changes in spacecraft speed, both increases and decreases, for six different spacecraft involved in Earth flybys from December 8, 1990 to August 2, 2005. The article states that, "All ... potential sources of systematic error .... [have been] modeled. None can account for the observed anomalies.... Like the Pioneer anomaly ... the Earth flybys anomaly is a real effect .... Its source is unknown." In the present article it is shown that the Earth flybys anomaly would be caused by a very small acceleration [in addition to that of natural gravitation], centrally directed and independent of distance, the same effect as that which the Pioneer anomaly exhibits. How that effect operates to produce the observed results is analyzed. A cause of the centrally directed accelerations is presented.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Gravitational Equivalent Frequency and the Planck Length

The mass equivalency [m*c^2 = h*f] applies to gravitational mass just as to inertial mass. From that, the gravitational mass has a corresponding, associated, equivalent frequency, f. Using that frequency a new result is obtained in which the significance of the Planck Length is clarified. The Planck Length is fundamental to gravitation and in effect supercedes G in that role because it is found that there is operational or mechanical significance to the role of the Planck Length in gravitation whereas G is simply a constant of proportionality. It further is shown that the Planck Length [and, likely the Planck mass and the Planck time] are slightly mis-defined by the use of h-bar [h/2pi] rather than simply Planck's constant, h. Theoretical implications of these results are presented. In addition, the applicability of using the frequency aspect of mass in the analysis of gravitation, and the nature of the results obtained, would appear to imply a considerably greater significance for the frequency, that is the WAVE, aspect of mass, matter, and particles in general than has been heretofore recognized.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

The Einstein - Lorentz Dispute Revisited

Lorentz [of the Lorentz transforms and Lorentz contractions fame] contended against Einstein that there had to be a medium in which electro-magnetic waves exist and propagate, and that that would of necessity be an absolute frame of reference for the universe. Einstein won that dispute contending that electro-magnetic waves needed no medium and that there was no absolute frame of reference. But, that victory was in a conflict of the Lorentz opinion opposed to the Einstein opinion combined with the substantial other successes and reputation or Einstein. It was not a victory of solid reasoning nor demonstrated factual evidence. Now solid reasoning and new data not available to Einstein and Lorentz show that Lorentz was correct and that Einstein's Theory of Relativity should correctly be termed Einstein's Principle of Invariance. It is shown that Einstein's comprehensive relativity and denial of an absolute frame of reference for the universe are incorrect and that the universe has an absolute universal prime frame of reference. The significance of this correction in its relation to the interaction of science and society is then presented.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2006

The Neutron Decay Into a Proton and an Electron Faults the General Quark Hypothesis

It is well known and well established by scientific observation that a free neutron radioactively decays into a proton plus an electron plus an anti-neutrino with a mean life time before decay of about 900 seconds. That established fact conflicts sharply with the hypothesis that the neutron is composed of two down plus one up quark and that the proton is composed of one down plus two up quarks. That conflict throws doubt on the entire quark hypothesis.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2006

Gravitational Mass, Its Mechanics - What It Is; How It Operates

The earlier paper, Inertial Mass, Its Mechanics - What It Is; How It Operates, developed the mechanics of inertial mass. The present paper is for the purpose of equivalently developing gravitation. The behavior of gravitation is well known, as described by Newton's Law of Gravitation. But just what gravitational mass is, how gravitational behavior comes about, what in material reality produces the effects of gravitational mass, has been little understood. The only extant hypotheses involve the unsuccessful efforts to develop "quantum gravitation" and to tie it into the rest of quantum mechanics, and the equally failed attempts to detect "gravitons" and "gravitational waves" in spite of very substantial efforts. From a starting point of only the limitation on the speed of light, the necessity of conservation, and the impossibility of an infinity in material reality, the present paper presents a new and comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon gravitational mass: - how it appears in particles, - how the Newtonian gravitational behavior arises from that, and - how the values of inertial mass and gravitational mass are identical, or, in other words, the mechanics of gravitational mass and gravitation.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2006

How and Why the Universe Began

Before the universe there was nothing, absolute nothing. That is the starting point because it is the only starting point that requires no cause, no explanation nor justification of its existence. But, that starting point has two impediments to the universe, or anything, coming into existence from it. First is the problem of change from nothing to something without, at least initially, an infinite rate of change, which is impossible. Second is the problem of change from nothing to something without violating conservation, which must be maintained. Mathematical analysis develops the sole solution to both problems. That is that the beginning had to be of a +/-[1 - cosine] form. That solution indicates the fundamental nature of matter, energy and field.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2006

Inertial Mass, Its Mechanics - What It Is; How It Operates

The behavior of mass is well known, as described by Newton's Laws of Motion, the Lorentz Contractions, and Einstein's mass - energy equivalence. But just what mass is, how those behaviors come about, what in material reality produces the effects of mass, has been little understood. The only extant hypothesis is that of the "Higgs Field" and its related particle, the Higgs Boson. Neither has been detected in spite of significant efforts to do so. Further, that hypothesis is not so much a description of the mechanics of mass as a further abstraction away from the problem by substituting another field to explain what is not well understood. From a starting point of only the limitation on the speed of light, the necessity of conservation, and the impossibility of an infinity in material reality, the present paper presents a new and comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon inertial mass: - how rest mass appears in particles, - how the Newtonian behavior arises from that, and - how the Lorentz Contractions operate in/on it, or, in other words, the mechanics of inertial mass.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

A New Look at the Neutron and the Lamb Shift

The rest mass of the neutron is exactly equal to the rest mass of a proton plus that of an electron plus the mass equivalent of the kinetic energy of those two particles after they have electrostatically accelerated from very far apart toward each other to a separation distance of one proton diameter. That fact is either a remarkable coincidence or evidence that the neutron is a combination of a proton and an electron. The calculation of this sheds new light on the nature and significance of the Lamb Shift.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

Matter Waves and Orbital Quantum Numbers

The atom's orbital electron structure in terms of quantum numbers (principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin) results in space for a maximum of: 2 electrons in the n=1 orbit, 8 electrons in the n=2 orbit, 18 electrons in the n=3 orbit, and so on. Those dispositions are correct, but that is not because of quantum numbers nor angular momentum nor a "Pauli exclusion principle". Matter waves were discovered in the early 20th century from their wavelength, which was predicted by DeBroglie to be, Planck's constant divided by the particle's momentum. But, the failure to obtain a reasonable theory for the matter wave frequency resulted in loss of interest. That problem is resolved in "A Reconsideration of Matter Waves" in which a reinterpretation of Einstein's derivation of relativistic kinetic energy [which produced his famous E = mc^2] leads to a valid matter wave frequency and a new understanding of particle kinetics and the atom's stable orbits. It is analytically shown that the orbital electron arrangement is enforced by the necessity of accommodating the space that each orbiting electron's matter wave occupies.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

A Reconsideration of Matter Waves

Matter waves were discovered in the early 20th century from their wavelength, predicted by DeBroglie, Planck's constant divided by the particle's momentum, that is, lmw = h/mv. But, the failure to obtain a reasonable theory for the matter wave frequency resulted somewhat in loss of further interest. It was expected that the frequency of the matter wave should correspond to the particle kinetic energy, that is, fmw = 1/2mv^2/h but the resulting velocity of the matter of the particle, v = fmw x lmw, is that the matter wave moves at one half the speed of the particle, obviously absurd as the particle and its wave must move together. If relativistic mass is used (as it should in any case) the problem remains, the same mass appearing in numerator and denominator and canceling. It is no help to hypothesize that the total energy, not just the kinetic energy, yields the matter wave. That attributes a matter wave to a particle at rest. It also gives the resulting velocity as c^2/v, the wave racing ahead of its particle. A reinterpretation of Einstein's derivation of relativistic kinetic energy (which produced his famous E = mc^2) leads to a valid matter wave frequency and a new understanding of particle kinetics and of the atom's stable orbits.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

Analysis of the "Big Bang" and the Resulting Outward Cosmic Expansion: Hubble - Einstein Cosmology vs. The Universal Exponential Decay

There is general agreement that the universe began with an "explosion" of matter and energy at a "singularity", the "Big Bang". This paper analyses the mechanics of that beginning and two alternative theories related to it: - The Hubble-Einstein theory that that beginning created space itself, expanding and carrying the universe's matter and energy with it, and - The Universal Decay theory that the length, (L), dimensional aspect of all quantities in the universe is exponentially decaying while the material universe is expanding outward within passive, static "space". The Hubble-Einstein theory has long been accepted by consensus. The Universal Decay theory first propounded in "The Origin and Its Meaning" in 1996 has since been validated by the Pioneer 10 and 11 "anomalous acceleration" as well as by the theory's success in accounting for "dark matter" and "dark energy". The same centrally- directed, distance-independent acceleration of (8.74 +/- 1.33) x 10^-8 cm/s^2 that is the Pioneer "anomalous acceleration" supplies the "additional gravitation" that "dark matter" is sought to supply. The mass of the universe is calculated and the its "Schwarzschild Radius" evaluated. The velocities and distances of cosmic objects in general are calculated and plotted from the end of the "inflation" to the present. It develops that there is a theoretical limit on how far back into the past can be observed regardless of the quality of our instrumentation.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2001

A Proof of "Goldbach's Conjecture"

"Goldbach's Conjecture" proven by analysis of how all combinations of the odd primes, summed in pairs, generates all of the even numbers.

math.GM↗

arXiv2001

Cosmic Inflation, the Beginning of the Universe, and the Origin of the Various Elements

The cosmic inflation hypothesis, its relation to fundamental theory on the beginning of the universe, and the light that both shed on how the various elements and their relative amounts came into existence. The fundamental factors controlling the origin of the universe ex nihilo are developed and from them the following alternative hypotheses are developed and presented: - an alternative to the inflation hypothesis, the purpose of which hypothesis is to explain how the structure in the universe developed from the initially unstructured and symmetrical Big Bang, and - an alternative to the hypothesis that the various elements in the universe were formed by nuclear fusion in stars [not denying that it may occur occasionally].

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2000

On Five Independent Phenomena Sharing a Common Cause

Over the past century a succession of five different independent astronomical phenomena have been discovered, each appearing to be the result of a common underlying cause that also produces an unaccounted-for acceleration that is: quite small, centrally directed in the system exhibiting each phenomenon, non-gravitational, distance independent, and apparently of a common magnitude. The present paper analyzes the phenomena and proposes the underlying common cause, a common solution to the problem that they present. Four of the phenomena, in the order of their discovery are: 1 - In 1933, the indication by galactic rotation curves that there is such an acceleration present and acting in galaxies but with no observable cause [hence the postulating of "Dark Matter"]. Here the acceleration is directed toward the galactic center, the dominant factor in the mechanics of galaxy rotation. 2 - In 1998, the Pioneer Anomaly in which the acceleration is directed toward the Sun, the dominant factor in the mechanics of the Pioneer spacecrafts' motion. 3 - In 2008, the Flybys Anomaly for which the acceleration is directed toward the center of the Earth, the dominant factor in the mechanics of the flyby motion [as presented in the paper following]. 4 - Also in 2008, confirmed in 2010, the Dark Flow anomaly for which the acceleration is directed toward the central origin of the overall universe, the dominant factor in the mechanics of the overall universe, where the Big Bang and expansion began [as presented in the paper following]. The earliest of all is 5 - Hubble's discovery of Redshifts of the light from various distant astral bodies.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2000

The Problem of Big Bang Matter vs. AntiMatter Symmetry

-The favored Big Bang concept is that the original symmetry was skewed, the universe now being all matter, all antimatter having annihilated. -The mechanism of matter/antimatter annihilation is analyzed. A total annihilation of original antimatter could not have occurred; the skewing is unnecessary; and the universe must contain equally both forms of matter. -Current detection of cosmic matter/antimatter annihilations is Gamma Ray Bursts [GRB's]. However, the conviction that the universe is now all matter with no antimatter has left that possibility rejected and uninvestigated and left standing the massive supernovae core collapse hypothesis for GRB's. -It has recently been reported that the rate of GRB's increases with red shift z for z = 0 to 4 as (1 + z)^1.5. The indication is that the rate increases significantly with time into the past at least back to z = 4 [and probably back to the Big Bang]. -That finding is inconsistent with the massive supernovae core collapse hypothesis for GRB's and supports GRB's being cosmic matter/antimatter annihilations.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1999

A Concise and Direct Proof of "Fermat's Last Theorem"

The recently developed proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is very lengthy and difficult, so much so as to be beyond all but a small body of specialists. While certainly of value in the developments that resulted, that proof could not be, nor was offered as being, possibly the proof Fermat had in mind. The present proof being brief, direct and concise is a candidate for being what Fermat had in mind. It is also completely accessible to any one trained in common algebra. That critical suggestions offered by significant mathematics authorities have been unable to invalidate this concise and direct proof would tend to be major confirmation that: The proof stands, valid and not validly challenged.

math.GM↗

arXiv1999

The Problem of the Age of the Universe and the Earliest Galaxies

A number of years ago the estimates of astronomers and astrophysicists were that the earliest galaxies took about 2.5 to 3 billion years to form, that is, that they did not appear until 2.5 to 3 billion years after the Big Bang. Those estimates were based on analysis of the processes involved in star formation and in the aggregation and "clumping" of matter in the early universe. Since then improved equipment and techniques, e.g. Keck and Hubble telescopes and gravitational lensing, have resulted in reports of observation of early galaxies having stars that formed as early as 300 million years after the Big Bang. Such new data has led to the abandonment of the several billion years estimates of the time required for star and galaxy formation; however, an alternative response to the data would be to re-examine the Hubble theory from which the age of the universe and the distance to high redshift objects is determined.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1998

Gravitational and Anti-gravitational Applications

It is now possible to partially deflect gravitation away from an object so that the gravitational attraction on the object is reduced. That effect makes it possible to extract energy from the gravitational field, which makes the generation of gravito-electric power technologically feasible. Such plants would be similar to hydro-electric plants and would have their advantages of not needing fuel and not polluting the environment. Physically, the action of deflecting away gravitational attraction, which of course is directed toward the gravitation source, produces an equal but opposite reaction on the mechanism that produces the deflection of the gravitational action [the deflector], a reaction directed away from the gravitation source. The result is the combination of reducing the gravitational attractive acceleration of the object toward the gravitation source plus the introducing of a reactive acceleration on the object in the direction away from the gravitation source. Such a deflector, engineered to enable controlled adjustment of the amount and the direction of its action, could provide for a spacecraft both launch levitation and deep space travel acceleration. It could provide both levitation and horizontal motion for a flying vehicle over a planet surface. This technology, which uses readily abundantly available materials and techniques, is ready now for research and engineering refinement.

gr-qc↗