arXiv subjects

Rong Wang

Publications and source records attributed to Rong Wang.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

arXiv2023

Experimental demonstration of fully passive quantum key distribution

The passive approach to quantum key distribution (QKD) consists of removing all active modulation from the users' devices, a highly desirable countermeasure to get rid of modulator side-channels. Nevertheless, active modulation has not been completely removed in QKD systems so far, due to both theoretical and practical limitations. In this work, we present a fully passive time-bin encoding QKD system and report on the successful implementation of a modulator-free QKD link. According to the latest theoretical analysis, our prototype is capable of delivering competitive secret key rates in the finite key regime.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

A Survey on Federated Learning Poisoning Attacks and Defenses

As one kind of distributed machine learning technique, federated learning enables multiple clients to build a model across decentralized data collaboratively without explicitly aggregating the data. Due to its ability to break data silos, federated learning has received increasing attention in many fields, including finance, healthcare, and education. However, the invisibility of clients' training data and the local training process result in some security issues. Recently, many works have been proposed to research the security attacks and defenses in federated learning, but there has been no special survey on poisoning attacks on federated learning and the corresponding defenses. In this paper, we investigate the most advanced schemes of federated learning poisoning attacks and defenses and point out the future directions in these areas.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2023

Covert Communication Based on the Poisoning Attack in Federated Learning

Covert communication has become an important area of research in computer security. It involves hiding specific information on a carrier for message transmission and is often used to transmit private data, military secrets, and even malware. In deep learning, many methods have been developed for hiding information in models to achieve covert communication. However, these methods are not applicable to federated learning, where model aggregation invalidates the exact information embedded in the model by the client. To address this problem, we propose a novel method for covert communication in federated learning based on the poisoning attack. Our approach achieves 100% accuracy in covert message transmission between two clients and is shown to be both stealthy and robust through extensive experiments. However, existing defense methods are limited in their effectiveness against our attack scheme, highlighting the urgent need for new protection methods to be developed. Our study emphasizes the necessity of research in covert communication and serves as a foundation for future research in federated learning attacks and defenses.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2023

FedCIP: Federated Client Intellectual Property Protection with Traitor Tracking

Federated learning is an emerging privacy-preserving distributed machine learning that enables multiple parties to collaboratively learn a shared model while keeping each party's data private. However, federated learning faces two main problems: semi-honest server privacy inference attacks and malicious client-side model theft. To address privacy inference attacks, parameter-based encrypted federated learning secure aggregation can be used. To address model theft, a watermark-based intellectual property protection scheme can verify model ownership. Although watermark-based intellectual property protection schemes can help verify model ownership, they are not sufficient to address the issue of continuous model theft by uncaught malicious clients in federated learning. Existing IP protection schemes that have the ability to track traitors are also not compatible with federated learning security aggregation. Thus, in this paper, we propose a Federated Client-side Intellectual Property Protection (FedCIP), which is compatible with federated learning security aggregation and has the ability to track traitors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first IP protection scheme in federated learning that is compatible with secure aggregation and tracking capabilities.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2023

Realizing fully reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution by exploiting quantum discord

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution was proposed to generate a string of secret keys without a shared reference frame. Based on the Bloch sphere, however, the security analysis in previous methods is only independent on azimuthal angle, while a reference frame is determined by both polar angle and azimuthal angle. Here, we propose a 3 \times 3 matrix whose singular values are independent on both polar angle and azimuthal angle, as well as take advantage of quantum discord, to realize a fully reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution. Furthermore, we numerically show that the performance of our method can reduce to the previous one if the key generation basis is calibrated.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

Rate of accelerated expansion of the epidemic region in a nonlocal epidemic model with free boundaries

This paper is concerned with the long-time dynamics of an epidemic model whose diffusion and reaction terms involve nonlocal effects described by suitable convolution operators, and the epidemic region is represented by an evolving interval enclosed by the free boundaries in the model. In Wang and Du \cite{WangDu-JDE}, it was shown that the model is well-posed, and its long-time dynamical behaviour is governed by a spreading-vanishing dichotomy. The spreading speed was investigated in a subsequent work of Wang and Du \cite{WangDu-DCDS-A}, where a threshold condition for the diffusion kernels $J_1$ and $J_2$ was obtained, such that the asymptotic spreading speed is finite precisely when this condition is satisfied. In this paper, we examine the case that this threshold condition is not satisfied, which leads to accelerated spreading; for some typical classes of kernel functions, we determine the precise rate of accelerated expansion of the epidemic region by constructing delicate upper and lower solutions.

math.AP↗

arXiv2023

Tight finite-key analysis for mode-pairing quantum key distribution

Mode-pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) is a potential protocol that is not only immune to all possible detector side channel attacks, but also breaks the repeaterless rate-transmittance bound without needing global phase locking. Here we analyze the finite-key effect for the MP-QKD protocol with rigorous security proof against general attacks. Moreover, we propose a six-state MP-QKD protocol and analyze its finite-key effect. The results show that the original protocol can break the repeaterless rate-transmittance bound with a typical finite number of pulses in practice. And our six-state protocol can improve the secret key rate significantly in long distance cases.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

The European Muon Collaboration effect from short-range correlated nucleons in a $x$-rescaling model

In this paper, we examine the hypothesis that the nuclear EMC effect comes merely from the N-N SRC pairs inside the nucleus and that the properties of N-N SRC pair are universal among the various nuclei, using the conventional $x$-rescaling model for the EMC effect. With the previously determined effective mass of the short-range correlated nucleon and the number of N-N SRC pairs estimated, we calculate the EMC effect of various nuclei within the $x$-rescaling approach. From our calculations, the nuclear EMC effect due to the mass deficits of the SRC nucleons is not enough to reproduce the observed EMC effect in experiments. We speculate that the internal structure of the mean-field single nucleon is also obviously modified, or there are more origins of the EMC effect beyond the N-N SRC configuration (such as the $α$ cluster), or the universality of N-N SRC pair is violated noticeably from light to heavy nuclei.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2023

Deep-Learning Tool for Early Identifying Non-Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Etiology based on CT Scan

Background: To develop an artificial intelligence system that can accurately identify acute non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) etiology based on non-contrast CT (NCCT) scans and investigate whether clinicians can benefit from it in a diagnostic setting. Materials and Methods: The deep learning model was developed with 1868 eligible NCCT scans with non-traumatic ICH collected between January 2011 and April 2018. We tested the model on two independent datasets (TT200 and SD 98) collected after April 2018. The model's diagnostic performance was compared with clinicians's performance. We further designed a simulated study to compare the clinicians's performance with and without the deep learning system augmentation. Results: The proposed deep learning system achieved area under the receiver operating curve of 0.986 (95% CI 0.967-1.000) on aneurysms, 0.952 (0.917-0.987) on hypertensive hemorrhage, 0.950 (0.860-1.000) on arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 0.749 (0.586-0.912) on Moyamoya disease (MMD), 0.837 (0.704-0.969) on cavernous malformation (CM), and 0.839 (0.722-0.959) on other causes in TT200 dataset. Given a 90% specificity level, the sensitivities of our model were 97.1% and 90.9% for aneurysm and AVM diagnosis, respectively. The model also shows an impressive generalizability in an independent dataset SD98. The clinicians achieve significant improvements in the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnoses of certain hemorrhage etiologies with proposed system augmentation. Conclusions: The proposed deep learning algorithms can be an effective tool for early identification of hemorrhage etiologies based on NCCT scans. It may also provide more information for clinicians for triage and further imaging examination selection.

eess.IV↗

arXiv2023

Looking for the Signals of the Missing Baryons in the Extragalactic Background Light

The missing baryons in the universe are assumed to be hidden in the whole space as a warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). Finding them is one of the important subjects in modern cosmology. In this paper, we point out that the very high energy electron/positron rays may light up the WHIM due to the anomalous bremsstrahlung according to an improved Bethe-Heitler formula. The resulting excess of the extragalactic background light (EBL) can be observed by the direct measurement method. A possible explanation on the difference between the direct and indirect measurements of EBL is also proposed. Thus, we find a new window to probe the WHIM properties via the EBL.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2022

On the Global Solution of Soft k-Means

This paper presents an algorithm to solve the Soft k-Means problem globally. Unlike Fuzzy c-Means, Soft k-Means (SkM) has a matrix factorization-type objective and has been shown to have a close relation with the popular probability decomposition-type clustering methods, e.g., Left Stochastic Clustering (LSC). Though some work has been done for solving the Soft k-Means problem, they usually use an alternating minimization scheme or the projected gradient descent method, which cannot guarantee global optimality since the non-convexity of SkM. In this paper, we present a sufficient condition for a feasible solution of Soft k-Means problem to be globally optimal and show the output of the proposed algorithm satisfies it. Moreover, for the Soft k-Means problem, we provide interesting discussions on stability, solutions non-uniqueness, and connection with LSC. Then, a new model, named Minimal Volume Soft k-Means (MVSkM), is proposed to address the solutions non-uniqueness issue. Finally, experimental results support our theoretical results.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2022

Passive continuous variable quantum key distribution

Passive quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proposed for discrete variable protocols to eliminate side channels in the source. Unfortunately, the key rate of passive DV-QKD protocols suffers from sifting loss and additional quantum errors. In this work, we propose the general framework of passive continuous variable quantum key distribution. Rather surprisingly, we find that the passive source is a perfect candidate for the discrete-modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (DMCV QKD) protocol. With the phase space remapping scheme, we show that passive DMCV QKD offers the same key rate as its active counterpart. Considering the important advantage of removing side channels that have plagued the active ones, passive DMCV QKD is a promising alternative. In addition, our protocol makes the system much simpler by allowing modulator-free quantum key distribution. Finally, we experimentally characterize the passive DMCV QKD source, thus showing its practicality.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2022

Vector meson-nucleon scattering length $|α_{VN}|$ and trace anomalous energy contribution to the nucleon mass $T_{A}$

Low-energy scattering processes of vector meson and nucleon are an important window for studying non-perturbative QCD. The interaction of vector meson with nucleon, vector meson-nucleon scattering length $|α_{VN}|$, is an important component of the study of hadronic interactions. Nowadays many scattering length values $|α_{VN}|$ have been reported using the recent photoproduction experiment data or quasi data. In addition, the study of trace anomalous energy contribution to the proton mass is also a hot topic in non-perturbative QCD and hadron physics. However, it is difficult to measure proton trace anomalous energy experimentally, and the study of the trace anomaly of proton is still inconclusive. In this study, we established the relationship between the scattering length of the vector meson-proton $|α_{Vp}|$ and the trace anomaly contribution of the proton mass $T_{A}$. With the scattering length values extracted by using the Vector Meson Dominance model, we obtained the trace anomaly contribution of the proton mass $T_{A}$ = (22.8$\%$ $\pm$ 1.2$\%$), which is of similar order of magnitude as the 23$\%$ given by Lattice QCD calculation. We conjecture that the trace anomaly contribution of nucleon is independent of the type of vector meson probe. We hope that high precision measurements of vector meson-nucleon scattering length could give us a better chance to explore the origin of the nucleon mass.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2022

Interacting Hand-Object Pose Estimation via Dense Mutual Attention

3D hand-object pose estimation is the key to the success of many computer vision applications. The main focus of this task is to effectively model the interaction between the hand and an object. To this end, existing works either rely on interaction constraints in a computationally-expensive iterative optimization, or consider only a sparse correlation between sampled hand and object keypoints. In contrast, we propose a novel dense mutual attention mechanism that is able to model fine-grained dependencies between the hand and the object. Specifically, we first construct the hand and object graphs according to their mesh structures. For each hand node, we aggregate features from every object node by the learned attention and vice versa for each object node. Thanks to such dense mutual attention, our method is able to produce physically plausible poses with high quality and real-time inference speed. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments on large benchmark datasets show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods. The code is available at https://github.com/rongakowang/DenseMutualAttention.git.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2022

Extraction of $ω$n, $ω$p and $ϕ$N scattering lengths from $ω$ and $ϕ$ differential photoproduction cross sections on the deuterium target

In this study, we try to extract $ωn$, $ωp$ and $ϕ$N scattering lengths from the differential cross-section data of near-threshold $ω$ and $ϕ$ photoproductions not only to the energy at threshold t$_{thr}$, but also in t to t = 0. The incoherent data of $ω$ and $ϕ$ photoproductions on deuterium target for scattering length extractions are provided by CBELSA/TAPS Collaboration and LEPS Collaboration respectively, where the deuteron is usually approximated as a weakly bound state of a quasi-free neutron plus a quasi-free proton. Under the Vector Meson Doninance model and the assumption of energy independence of the differential cross-section, we obtained the $|α_{ωn^{*}}|$ and $|α_{ωp^{*}}|$ of loosely bound neutron and proton in the deuteron to be 0.709 $\pm$ 0.078 fm and 0.621 $\pm$ 0.022 fm respectively at threshold t$_{thr}$ (1.258 $\pm$ 0.130 fm and 1.056 $\pm$ 0.032 fm respectively in t to t = 0) for the first time by fitting the near-threshold data of $γ$d $\rightarrow$ $ω$n(p) and $γ$d $\rightarrow$ $ω$p(n). For a comparison study, we also extracted the scattering length $|α_{ωp}|$ of the free proton from the $ω$ photoproduction on the hydrogen target by CBELSA/TAPS Collaboration. With the near-threshold and incoherent $ϕ$ photoproduction data of $γ$d $\rightarrow$ $ϕ$pn by LEPS Collaboration, we obtained scattering length $|α_{ϕN}|$ of the bound nucleon inside the deuteron to be 0.109 $\pm$ 0.008 fm at threshold t$_{thr}$ and 0.276 $\pm$ 0.010 fm in t to t = 0, respectively. The obtained $|α_{ωp}|$ and $|α_{ϕN}|$ are basically in agreement with the experimental indications and the theoretical predictions within the current uncertainties.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2022

Extraction of Proton Trace Anomaly Energy from Near-Threshold $ϕ$ and $J/ψ$ photo-productions

The trace anomalous energy contribution to the proton mass is a very important topic in non-perturbative QCD and hadron physics. In experiments, it is under the hot discussions on how to measure the trace anomalous energy.The QCD interpretation of proton trace anomaly is still not clear.To connect the theory with the experiment,we extract the trace anomaly by analyzing the near-threshold photo-production data of $ϕ$ and J/$ψ$ vector mesons. Based on the vector-meson-dominance model and QCD Van der Waals representation, we find that the percentage of trace anomaly in the proton mass ranges from $16\%$ to $24\%$, which is of similar order of magnitude as the 23$\%$ given by Lattice QCD. We also provide the approximate magnitudes of the systematic uncertainties of the extracted results from the model assumptions as well as the data fitting procedures. We give relative statistical uncertainties of 17.2$\%$, 17.7$\%$, 3.6$\%$, and 8.2$\%$, total relative systematic uncertainties of 21.4$\%$, 54.2$\%$, 37.2$\%$, and 25.7$\%$, for the analyses of the GlueX, LEPS, CLAS, and SAPHIR data, respectively. We argue that the near-threshold $Υ$ photo-production experiments are more beneficial for the measurement of trace anomaly in proton mass in the future.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2022

Unbalanced-basis-misalignment tolerant measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) is a revolutionary protocol since it is physically immune to all attacks on the detection side. However, the protocol still keeps the strict assumptions on the source side that the four BB84-states must be perfectly prepared to ensure security. Some protocols release part of the assumptions in the encoding system to keep the practical security, but the performance would be dramatically reduced. In this work, we present a MDIQKD protocol that requires less knowledge of encoding system to combat the troublesome modulation errors and fluctuations. We have also experimentally demonstrated the protocol. The result indicates the high-performance and good security for its practical applications. Besides, its robustness and flexibility exhibit a good value for complex scenarios such as the QKD networks.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2022

Fully-Passive Quantum Key Distribution

Passive implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) sources are highly desirable as they eliminate side-channels that active modulators might introduce. Up till now, passive decoy-state and passive encoding BB84 schemes have both been proposed. Nonetheless, passive decoy-state generation and passive encoding have never been simultaneously implemented with linear optical elements before, which greatly limits the practicality of such passive QKD schemes. In this work, we overcome this limitation and propose a fully-passive QKD source with linear optics that eliminates active modulators for both decoy-state choice and encoding. This allows for highly practical QKD systems that avoid side-channels from the source modulators. The passive source we propose (combined with the decoy-state analysis) can create any arbitrary state on a qubit system and is protocol-independent. That is, it can be used for various protocols such as BB84, reference-frame-independent QKD, or the six-state protocol. It can also in principle be combined with e.g. measurement-device-independent QKD, to build a system without side-channels in either detectors or modulators.

quant-ph↗