arXiv subjects

Rosalba Perna

Publications and source records attributed to Rosalba Perna.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Towards Self-consistent Modeling of Quasi-Stars and their NLTE Spectra: Implications for Little Red Dots

Quasi-stars, massive envelopes surrounding rapidly accreting black hole (BH) seeds, are promising candidates for explaining the rapid formation of supermassive black holes in the early Universe and may account for some of the JWST-discovered Little Red Dots (LRDs). We present a self-consistent framework combining stellar evolution calculations with non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) spectral synthesis to test this connection. Our models drop the polytropic assumptions of previous work: the envelope is described entirely by mixing-length theory, with saturated convection and radiative energy setting the luminosity at an inner boundary a few hundred Schwarzschild radii from the BH. This removes the BH-mass limits of earlier models, and we follow the evolution up to BH-to-total mass ratios approaching unity. We then use TLUSTY to compute the first converged NLTE atmospheric models for the surface conditions and primordial hydrogen-helium composition expected in quasi-stars. Our models produce cool photospheres, prominent Balmer breaks, and Balmer and Paschen absorption features. NLTE effects substantially modify line strengths, increasing Balmer absorption depths by $\sim 35-55\%$ relative to LTE models, while having a minor effect on the continuum. Comparison with observed LRD spectral energy distributions shows broad agreement in continuum shape, although our models do not reproduce their commonly observed strong emission lines. Under the quasi-star interpretation, comparisons with individual LRDs suggest characteristic quasi-star masses of approximately $10^5-10^7 M_\odot$. These results establish a physically motivated connection between quasi-star evolution and observable spectra, providing a framework for testing quasi-stars as progenitors of LRDs while identifying limitations of current atmospheric models.

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arXiv2026

The Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Population III Stars

Population (Pop) III stars, the first generation of stars in the Universe, have eluded direct detection for decades. The advent of the James Webb Space Telescope, with its unprecedented sensitivity to high-redshift sources, has renewed interest in the prospects for identifying these primordial stars. While previous studies have explored the direct detection of Pop III stars through gravitational lensing, here we investigate an alternative approach: identifying Pop III stars through gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) produced by the deaths of massive Pop III progenitors. We generate source-frame mock observables and find that, although Pop III and Pop I GRBs share many common properties, several observables can potentially distinguish between the two populations. In particular, light-curve timescales, isotropic-equivalent energies, peak energies, and the locations of GRBs in empirical prompt-emission correlations depend sensitively on the mass and explosion energy of the progenitor. We find that Pop III GRBs tend to exhibit longer characteristic timescales and higher isotropic-equivalent peak energies than their Pop I counterparts. Finally, we show that Pop III GRBs may provide a promising origin for the population of soft X-ray prompt emission recently detected by the Einstein Probe, offering a complementary avenue for probing the first generations of stars.

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arXiv2026

Can LISA See Inside the Little Red Dots?

The Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact, broad-line sources that appear to contain accreting black holes (BHs) embedded in dense gas. Proposed models for their central environments (including quasi-stars, radiative BH envelopes and super-Eddington accretion discs) predict gas densities at the radii probed by an extreme-mass-ratio inspiral that differ by many orders of magnitude. We compute the inspiral of a $10$--$30\Msun$ BH for a range of LRD interior models, including environmental effects from the gas, and test with a mismatch criterion whether the resulting waveforms can be distinguished from vacuum and from one another. Dense interiors (Bondi-like free-fall cavities and radiative envelopes) produce measurable deviations from vacuum in essentially every detectable event. Convective quasi-star interiors are measurable for $\MBH\lesssim10^5\Msun$ and $z\lesssim0.6$, while a co-rotating disc leaves no measurable imprint. In favorable cases the models are also mutually distinguishable. None of the 14 JWST LRDs at $z>3.9$ would be detectable with a $10\Msun$ companion, but 30 of 31 LRDs at $z<0.9$ would be if their black holes are $\sim100$ times less massive than their virial estimates, and in many of them the interior's imprint would be measurable. Across the LRD population to $z=6$, a 4-yr LISA mission would yield $0.08$--$0.8$ detectable events for $10^5\Msun$ hosts and $10\Msun$ companions ($1.5$--$15$ for $30\Msun$) if LRD nuclei host inspirals at the rate of ordinary galactic nuclei. In dense clusters, where captures are plunges, this falls to $\lesssim10^{-4}$.

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arXiv2026

Compact Object Mergers and Micro-Tidal Disruption Events: A Multi-Messenger Probe of Dense Stellar Environments

Dense stellar environments such as globular clusters and young massive clusters produce both compact-object mergers detectable in gravitational waves and tidal disruption events observable electromagnetically. We investigate compact-object mergers, tidal disruption events, and micro-tidal disruption events ($μ$TDEs) in these environments using rapid Monte Carlo star-cluster simulations with the Rapster code, extended with a unified treatment of neutron-star (NS) and black-hole (BH) spin evolution under disk accretion across the NS-to-BH transition, as well as new dynamical channels for disruptions by single compact objects and by BH-BH binaries. Simulating $10^5$ clusters across ten model variations and two formation histories, we find a BH-BH merger-rate density peaking at $z\approx2$-$3$ at several tens ${\rm Gpc}^{-3}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, consistent with the local LVK rate, while the cumulative number of $μ$TDEs exceeds that of mergers by a factor of a few. Since we include only dynamically formed binaries, $\approx90\%$ of $μ$TDEs proceed through single compact-object-star encounters, and our rates are conservative lower limits. Prograde accretion during $μ$TDEs spins up compact objects, providing a purely dynamical, randomly oriented pathway for producing high-spin BHs, and can drive accretion-induced collapse of NSs to BHs that populate the lower mass gap.

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arXiv2026

Jet Feedback and the Self-Regulated Growth of Black Holes Embedded in AGN Disks

Accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGN) are expected to host embedded stellar-mass black holes (BHs) whose gas capture rates can be highly super-Eddington. Without feedback, they would rapidly grow and deplete the disk, but at such high feeding rates, radiation is advected inward with the flow. We test whether the resulting accretion-powered jet and its shocked cocoon can (i) self-regulate the BH's growth rate and (ii) break out of the AGN disk. Using GIZMO, we perform three-dimensional simulations of a $10\,{\rm M}_\odot$ BH, embedded in dense AGN-disk gas, launching a particle-spawned jet whose mass flux scales with the accretion rate. We explore a range of jet velocities, ambient temperatures and densities, and three cooling regimes. We find that the jet-inflated cocoon stalls near the Bondi radius and maintains a modest aspect ratio and the self-regulated mass flux is determined by momentum balance at the Bondi radius. Cooling controls the mode of self-regulated accretion, from large-amplitude oscillation cycles at low metallicity to weak, quasi-steady modulation at solar metallicity. Scaling our results to outer disk conditions implies that mechanical feedback limits BH growth to within an order of magnitude of the Eddington rate -- largely preventing the overgrowth problem. Over the same disk region, the cocoon remains confined within the disk. In the inner disk, accretion onto the embedded BHs is limited by tidal shear rather than the Bondi radius, and our simulations no longer apply. Whether runaway growth and cocoon breakout remains possible in these inner regions needs further study.

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arXiv2026

Signatures of Compact Object Mergers Inside Stars in AGN Disks

Disks of gas accreting onto supermassive black holes, powering active galactic nuclei (AGN), can capture stars from nuclear star clusters or form stars in situ via gravitational instability. The dense, hot disk environment can drive rapid accretion onto embedded stars, dramatically altering their evolution. Models predict that, for sufficiently rapid accretion, fresh gas replenishes hydrogen in stellar cores as quickly as it is burned, and the stars reach a quasi-steady state. Here we study encounters of such massive, long-lived (''immortal'') stars with compact objects in AGN disks. We estimate the encounter rate and the timescale for a single compact remnant to spiral into an AGN star; depending on how strongly feedback regulates the ensuing accretion, the star is either consumed in a collapsar-like, engine-driven transient or converted into a long-lived, quasi-star-like object hosting a central black hole. We then study the merger of a binary black hole (BBH) inside the AGN star, and show that gas drag hardens the binary to merger far faster than gravitational-wave emission alone. The resulting merger is a loud LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) source, but the characteristic imprint of the dense environment -a strong suppression and dephasing of the inspiral relative to vacuum- falls in the deci-Hz band rather than the milli-Hz LISA band, and is best resolved by next-generation detectors such as DECIGO. We estimate that this channel could contribute a BBH merger rate of up to $\sim8\,{\rm Gpc^{-3}\,yr^{-1}}$ in favorable scenarios, and discuss the model uncertainties and directions for future work.

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arXiv2026

McFACTS. IV. Electromagnetic Counterparts to AGN-disk-embedded Binary Black Hole Mergers

The accretion disks of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are promising environments for producing binary black hole (BBH) mergers, which have been detected via gravitational waves (GWs) with the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) GW detector network. BBH mergers embedded in AGN disks are unique among GW formation channels in their generic ability to produce electromagnetic (EM) counterparts, via interactions between the merger remnant and the surrounding disk gas (though these are not always observable). While such mergers represent valuable multimessenger sources, the lack of predictive statistical models in existing literature currently limits our ability to select possible EM counterparts with GW detections in archival data and in real time using time-domain surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Facility or LSST. Here we employ the Monte Carlo For AGN Channel Testing and Simulation code (McFACTS, https://www.github.com/mcfacts/mcfacts) to predict the bolometric luminosities of jets and shocks associated with LVK-detectable BBH merger remnants in AGN disks. McFACTS predicts the distribution of GW observables for an underlying black hole population and disk model. In this work we present a new capability that simultaneously generates the distribution of bolometric EM luminosities corresponding to these predicted GW detections. Our results are consistent with current observational surveys and indicate that (i) migration in dense, Sirko-Goodman-like disks preferentially produces EM counterparts from high-mass ($\mathscr{M} > 40M_{\odot}$), high-spin remnants across multiple merger generations and (ii) lower chirp mass mergers are more likely to contribute observable counterparts and with shorter emission breakout times in less dense, Thompson-Quataert-Murray-like disks.

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arXiv2026

Hydrodynamic Simulations of Tidal Disruption Encores

We present hydrodynamic simulations with the moving-mesh code AREPO of Tidal Disruption Encores (TDEEs) in nuclear star clusters (NSCs). TDEEs arise when a stellar-mass black hole (sBH) disrupts a star within the NSC, producing debris that is unbound from the sBH but remains gravitationally bound to the central massive black hole (MBH), leading to a delayed secondary flare. We find that the morphology and thermodynamics of the fallback material depend sensitively on the disruption geometry, MBH mass, and sBH-MBH separation. We identify two distinct morphological outcomes: ring encores, where debris circularize into a torus, and direct encores, where streams plunge toward the MBH, with encore luminosities peaking at times corresponding to the freefall timescale and one orbital period, respectively. Across all simulated cases, we find these events exhibit luminosities of $10^{40}-10^{42}$ erg/s with lightcurves characteristic of their morphology. Our work greatly improves the predictions of TDEE lightcurves and empowers observations to probe into NSC dynamics and sBH population while providing possible explanations for anomalous TDE-like flares.

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arXiv2025

Pulsational Instability of Quasi-Stars: Interpreting the Variability of Little Red Dots

The JWST discovery of "Little Red Dots" (LRDs) has revealed a population of compact, red sources at $z \sim 5-10$ that likely host supermassive black holes (SMBHs). Recent observations of the gravitationally lensed LRD R2211-RX1 reveal century-scale photometric variability and a hysteresis loop in the luminosity-temperature plane, strongly suggesting that the optical emission originates from a pulsating, stellar-like photosphere rather than an accretion disk. This supports the "quasi-star" hypothesis, where a rapidly growing black hole seed is embedded within a massive, radiation-pressure supported envelope. In this work, we investigate the stability of these envelopes using the stellar evolution code MESA coupled with the non-adiabatic oscillation code GYRE. We identify a theoretical "Quasi-Star Instability Strip" with a blue edge at $T_{\mathrm{eff}} \approx 5000-5200$ K. Models hotter than this threshold are stable, consistent with the non-variable LRD R2211-RX2 ($T_{\mathrm{eff}} \approx 5000$ K), while cooler models are unstable to radial pulsations driven by the $κ$-mechanism in helium and hydrogen ionization zones. For quasi-star masses in the range $M_\star \sim 10^4-10^5 M_\odot$, we find that the unstable fundamental radial modes ($\ell =0$, n$_{\rm p}=1$) have periods in the range $\sim 20-180$ years. The first overtone ($\ell =0$, n$_{\rm p}=2$) is also unstable or marginally stable in some of our models, with typical pulsation timescales $\sim 10-30$ years. These oscillations match the co-moving frame variability timescale of RX1. We argue that these violent pulsations likely drive enhanced mass loss analogous to super-AGB winds, which could affect the duration of the quasi-star phase and regulate the final mass of the seeded black hole.

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arXiv2025

The Growth of the Central Black Holes in Quasi-stars

Observations by JWST have confirmed the presence of supermassive black holes (BHs) at redshifts $z\gtrsim10$, lending support to scenarios in which BHs experience rapid growth through intense gas accretion. Here we investigate the growth of a BH embedded at the center of a quasi-star, a theoretically predicted object formed via direct collapse. In a quasi-star, the central BH accretes at a highly super-Eddington rate, while the excess energy is transported outward by convection and radiated at approximately the Eddington luminosity of the entire star. We employ the open-source stellar evolution code \texttt{MESA} to construct quasi-star models and follow the time-dependent growth of the central BH under different prescriptions for the accretion rate at the inner boundary $R_i$, and further considering the effect of winds. For the case $R_i=NR_{\rm B}$, where $N$ is a constant and $R_{\rm B}$ is the Bondi radius corresponding to the mass of the BH and the gas infalling onto it, our models terminate when the BH mass reaches a critical value $M_{\mathrm{crit}}(N)=c_{s,i}^3/(12\sqrt{N^3G^3πρ_i})$ (where $c_{s,i}$ and $ρ_i$ are the sound speed and density at $R_i$, respectively), a limit we also derive analytically. Models that feature an inner convective region matched to an outer adiabatic envelope exhibit BH growth up to approximately $M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_\star\simeq 0.33$, largely independent of the stellar mass $M_\star$ itself. This ratio is approximately preserved even in the presence of mass loss, as several properties of the model are independent of the quasi-star's total mass.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2025

The Photospheric Emission of a Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Burst Emerging from a Realistic Binary Neutron Star Merger

The almost simultaneous detection of GRB170817A and GW170817 ushered in nearly a decade of interest in binary neutron star mergers and their multi-messenger signals, resulting in a greater understanding of the processes that produce short-duration gamma-ray bursts and gravitational waves. However, open questions remain regarding the emission mechanism of these bursts. In this work we present results from the first study of an electromagnetic signal produced from a realistic treatment of a binary neutron star merger, both for on-axis and off-axis observations. We accomplish this by using the PLUTO hydrodynamical code to inject a relativistic jet into the ejecta of a realistic binary neutron star merger, which was itself obtained from the simulation of a 3D BNS merger. Then, we model the prompt photospheric emission that would emerge from this jet using the MCRaT radiative transfer code. We find that the resulting photon spectra can peak around ~1 MeV for on-axis emission and falls off noticeably for off-axis observations. We also find distinctly non-thermal low and high-energy tails in multiple observations, ranging from shallow to mid-off axis observations. Our on-axis results are consistent with the Amati Correlation for short bursts, with some strain evident at higher observing angles. Finally, we find that the radiative efficiency is much lower than seen in previous studies of the photospheric emission of long-duration gamma-ray bursts.

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arXiv2025

Inflated hot Jupiters: Inferring average atmospheric velocity via Ohmic models coupled with internal dynamo evolution

The inflated radii observed in hundreds of hot Jupiters (HJ) represent a long-standing open issue. In this study, we quantitatively investigate this phenomenon within the framework of Ohmic dissipation arising from magnetic induction in the atmosphere, one of the most promising mechanisms for explaining the radius anomaly. We simulate the evolution of irradiated giant planets with MESA, spanning the observed range of masses and equilibrium temperatures, incorporating an internal source of Ohmic dissipation that extends to deep layers of the envelope. We infer average atmospheric wind intensities, averaged in the region $p < 10$ bar, in the range 0.01-1 km/s in order to reproduce the range of observed radii, decreasing roughly linearly with planetary mass, and much more steeply with equilibrium temperature. This is consistent with the expected effects of magnetic drag from the induced field, which is higher for more intense irradiation, via conductivity, and for larger masses, which have higher dynamo fields. Due to the evolution of the dynamo field and the proportionality of the induced currents on it, the Ohmic efficiency typically decreases by at least one order of magnitude from 0.1 to 10 Gyr, at contrast with the common assumption of a constant-in-time value. Notably, the extent of the main convective region, and the associated heat flux supporting the dynamo, is reduced in the presence of strong Ohmic dissipation, which in turn depends on the dynamo field strength, generating a non-trivial coupling of the latter with the atmospheric induction, potentially leading to an oscillatory behaviour of the field strength. These findings remain generally valid even when accounting for a long-term increase in the main-sequence host star luminosity, although this case can more readily lead to HJ re-inflation, consistent with previous studies.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2025

Kilonova constraints for the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA neutron star merger candidate S250206dm: GW-MMADS observations

Gravitational wave (GW) neutron star mergers with an associated electromagnetic counterpart constitute powerful probes of binary evolution, the production sites of heavy elements, general relativity, and the expansion of the universe. Only a handful of candidate GW binary mergers during the fourth LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA observing run (O4) so far are believed to include a neutron star. We present optical-near infrared follow-up observations of the candidate neutron-star black hole GW merger S250206dm. This is the first high-significance mass gap neutron star-black hole candidate observed by multiple GW detectors (thus having a significantly smaller sky localization than one-detector events), offering the first opportunity to effectively follow up a GW event of this kind. Our GW MultiMessenger Astronomy DECam Survey (GW-MMADS) campaign consisted of a wide-field search using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) and T80-South (T80S), as well as galaxy-targeted observations using the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) imager and the Wendelstein 2.1m 3-channel camera. No viable kilonova counterpart was found in our observations. We use our observation depths to place competitive constraints on kilonova models similar to or brighter than the GW170817 kilonova AT 2017gfo within our observed fields, ruling out 100\% of such models with SOAR galaxy-targeted observations and $\sim43$\% (48\%) with DECam (DECam and T80S).

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arXiv2025

Spectral Evolution of Rotating Population III Stars

Population III (Pop III) stars, the first generation of stars formed from primordial gas, played a fundamental role in shaping the early universe through their influence on cosmic reionization, early chemical enrichment, and the formation of the first galaxies. However, to date they have eluded direct detection due to their short lifetimes and high redshifts. The launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revolutionized observational capabilities, providing the opportunity to detect Pop~III stars via caustic lensing, where strong gravitational lensing magnifies individual stars to observable levels. This prospect makes it compelling to develop accurate models for their spectral characteristics to distinguish them from other stellar populations. Previous studies have focused on computing the spectral properties of non-rotating, zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) Pop III stars. In this work, we expand upon these efforts by incorporating the effects of stellar rotation and post-ZAMS evolution into spectral calculations. We use the JWST bands and magnitude limits to identify the optimal observing conditions, both for isolated stars, as well as for small star clusters. We find that, while rotation does not appreciably change the observability at ZAMS, the subsequent evolution can significantly brighten the stars, making the most massive ones potentially visible with only moderate lensing.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Non-ideal MHD simulations of hot Jupiter atmospheres

In Hot Jupiters (HJs), atmospherically induced magnetic fields are expected to play an important role in controlling the wind circulation and in determining their inflated radii. Here we perform 1D plane-parallel magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of HJ atmospheric columns, using the wind and thermodynamic profiles generated by global circulation models of different exo-planets. We quantitatively investigate the effects of magnetic field winding and Ohmic dissipation (previously considered in several works), with the addition of Hall drift and ambipolar diffusion. The main effect is the magnetic field winding in the full non-linear regime, with local azimuthal fields reaching maximum values up to ${\cal O}(10^2)$ G at the shear layer (typical pressure $\sim 1$ bar), much stronger than the assumed background field generated in the planetary interior. The associated meridional currents undergo Ohmic dissipation, with local heating efficiencies of at least $\sim$ ${10^{-6}}-10^{-3}$ (considering only these shallow layers). In addition to the dominant winding vs. Ohmic balance, the presence of the Hall and ambipolar terms have a non-negligible contribution in shaping and twisting the induced magnetic field at $p\lesssim 1$ bar; however this effect is only apparent for the hottest planets. Our results, though limited by construction to a plane-parallel approximation of the sub-stellar columns and with a simplified setup that cannot consistently include the magnetic drag on the wind, assess the non-linearity and complexity of the magnetic induction in HJs atmospheres, and call for a self-consistent inclusion of MHD effects in Ohmic dissipation studies and circulation models, beyond the often-assumed perturbative regime.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2025

The role of Ohmic dissipation of internal currents on Hot Jupiter radii

The inflated radii observed in hundreds of Hot Jupiters represent a long-standing open issue. The observed correlation between radii and irradiation strength, and the occasional extreme cases, nearly double the size of Jupiter, remain without a comprehensive quantitative explanation. In this investigation, we delve into this issue within the framework of Ohmic dissipation, one of the most promising mechanisms for explaining the radius anomaly. Using the evolutionary code MESA, we simulate the evolution of irradiated giant planets, spanning the range 1 to 8 Jupiter masses, incorporating an internal source of Ohmic dissipation located beneath the radiative-convective boundary. Our modeling is based on physical parameters, and accounts for the approximated conductivity and the evolution of the magnetic fields, utilizing widely-used scaling laws. We compute the radius evolution across a spectrum of masses and equilibrium temperatures, considering varying amounts of Ohmic dissipation, calculated with the internal conductivity profile and an effective parametrization of the currents, based on the typical radius of curvature of the field lines. Our analysis reveals that this internal Ohmic dissipation can broadly reproduce the range of observed radii using values of radius of curvature up to about one order of magnitude lower than what we estimate from the Juno measurements of the Jovian magnetosphere and from MHD dynamo simulations presented herein. The observed trend with equilibrium temperature can be explained if the highly-irradiated planets have more intense and more small-scale magnetic fields. This suggests the possibility of an interplay between atmospherically induced currents and the interior, via turbulence, in agreement with recent box simulations of turbulent MHD in atmospheric columns.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2025

Mapping the Outcomes of Stellar Evolution in the Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei

The disks of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are expected to be populated by numerous stars, either formed in the outer regions of the disk via gravitational instability, or captured from the nearby nuclear star cluster. Regardless of their formation mechanism, these stars experience altered evolutionary paths, mostly shaped by the accretion of dense disk material. In this study, through the comparison of different timescales, we chart the evolutionary outcomes of these AGN stars as a function of disk radius and across a range of supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses, spanning from $10^6$ to $10^9 \rm M_\odot$, for two popular AGN disk models. We find that, in the outer regions of the disk, stars evolve similarly to those in the interstellar medium, but in the inner and denser regions accretion quickly turns low-mass stars into massive stars, and their fate depends on just how quickly they accrete. If accretion occurs at a faster rate than nuclear burning, they can reach a quasi-steady `immortal' state. If stars accrete faster than they can thermally adjust, runaway accretion occurs, potentially preventing a quasi-steady state and altering the disk structure. During the AGN lifetime, in the regions of the disk that produce massive stars, supernovae (SNe) and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) may occur within the disk over a wide range of optical depths and ambient densities. Subsequently, in the final phase of the AGN, as the disk becomes depleted, formerly immortal stars will be unable to replenish their fuel, leading to additional SNe and GRBs.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

The Cosmological Population of Gamma-Ray Bursts from the Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei

With the discovery of gravitational waves (GWs), Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) disks have emerged as an interesting environment for hosting a fraction of their sources. AGN disks are conducive to forming both long and short Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), and their anticipated cosmological occurrence within these disks has potential to serve as an independent tool for probing and calibrating the population of stars and compact objects within them, and their contribution to the GW-detected population. In this study, we employ Monte Carlo methods in conjunction with models for GRB electromagnetic emission in extremely dense media to simulate the cosmological occurrence of both long and short GRBs within AGN disks, while also estimating their detectability across a range of wavelengths, from gamma-rays to radio. We investigate two extreme scenarios: ``undiffused", in which the radiation escapes without significant scattering (i.e. if the progenitor has excavated a funnel within the disk), and ``diffused", in which the radiation is propagated through the high-density medium, potentially scattered and absorbed. In the diffused case, we find that the majority of detectable GRBs, which are at most a few percent of the total, are likely to originate from lower redshifts, and from the outermost regions of large supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses, $\gtrsim 10^{7.5} \rm M_{\odot}$. In the undiffused case, which has a GRB detection probability $\sim 40-50\%$, we expect a similar trend, but with a considerable contribution from the intermediate regions of lower SMBH masses. Detectable emission is generally expected to be dominant in prompt $γ$-rays if diffusion is not dominant, and X-ray afterglow if diffusion is important; however, the nature of the dominant observable signal highly depends on the specific AGN disk model, hence making GRBs in AGN disks also potential probes of the disk structures.

astro-ph.HE↗