Fundamental neutrino experiments
We review fundamental open problems in neutrino physics and propose two basic experiments for their possible resolution.
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arXiv subjects
Ruggero Maria Santilli
Publications and source records attributed to Ruggero Maria Santilli.
Neutrino and/or etherino?
We review the insufficiencies of the hypothesis that neutrinos and quarks are physical particles in our spacetime; we introduce the hypothesis that the energy and spin needed for the synthesis of the neutron inside stars originate either from the environment or from the ether conceived as a universal medium with very high energy density via an entity here called {\it etherino,} denoted with the letter "$a$" (from the Latin aether), carrying mass and charge 0, spin 1/2 and $0.78 MeV$ energy according to the synthesis $p^+ + a + e^-\to n$; we identifies compatibility and incompatibility of the neutrino and etherino hypotheses; we review the new structure model of the neutron and hadrons at large with massive physical constituents produced free in the spontaneous decays as permitted by the covering hadronic mechanics; and we conclude with the proposal of new resolutory experiments.
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Confirmation of Don Borghi's experiment on the synthesis of neutrons from protons and electrons
Following Rutherford's 1920 historical hypothesis of the neutron as a compressed hydrogen atom in the core of stars, the laboratory synthesis of the neutron from protons and electrons was claimed in the late 1960 by the Italian priest-physicist Don Carlo Borghi and his associates via a metal chamber containing a partially ionized hydrogen gas at a fraction of $1 bar$ pressure traversed by an electric arc with $5 J$ energy and microwaves with $10^{10} s^{-1}$ frequency. The experiment remained unverified for decades due to the lack of theoretical understanding of the results. In this note we report various measurements showing that, under certain conditions, electric arcs within a hydrogen gas produce neutral, hadron-size entities that are absorbed by stable nuclei and subsequently result in the release of detectable neutrons, thus confirming Don Borghi's experiment. The possibility that said entities are neutrons is discussed jointly with other alternatives. Due to their simplicity, a primary scope of this note is to stimulate the independent re-run of the tests as conducted or in suitable alternative forms.
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Inconsistencies of Neutrino and Quark Conjectures and their Negative Environmental Implications
By using a language as accessible to a broad audience as possible, in this note we present evidence suggesting scientific caution prior to final claims that neutrinos and quarks are actual physical particles existing in our spacetime. We review historical and recent evidence dismissing the existence of neutrinos and quarks as physical particles, and outline recent theories representing experimental data without their existence. We also identify the negative implications for environmental issues of the neutrino and quark conjectures since they imply the suppression of due scientific process on new clean energies predicted by new structure models of hadrons with massive physical constituents produced free in spontaneous or stimulated decays. The note ends with the need of continuing theoretical and experimental research on neutrino and quark conjectures, but complemented, for evident scientific democracy, accountability and societal needs, with theoretical and experimental studies on alternative theories without the neutrino and quark conjectures and their prediction of new clean energies.
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The Novel ''Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion'' and its Possible Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry
In this note, we propose, apparently for the first time, a new type of controlled nuclear fusion called "intermediate" because occurring at energies intermediate between those of the ''cold'' and ''hot'' fusions, and propose a specific industrial realization. For this purpose: 1) We show that known limitations of quantum mechanics, quantum chemistry and special relativity cause excessive departures from the conditions occurring for all controlled fusions; 2) We outline the covering hadronic mechanics, hadronic chemistry and isorelativity specifically conceived, constructed and verified during the past two decades for new cleans energies and fuels; 3) We identify seven physical laws predicted by the latter disciplines that have to be verified by all controlled nuclear fusions to occur; 4) We review the industrial research conducted to date in the selection of the most promising engineering realization as well as optimization of said seven laws; and 5) We propose with construction details a specific {\it hadronic reactor} (patented and international patents pending), consisting of actual equipment specifically intended for the possible industrial production of the clean energy released by representative cases of controlled intermediate fusions for independent scrutiny by interested colleagues.
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Nine Theorems of Inconsistency in GRT with Resolutions via Isogravitation
This paper presents nine inconsistency theorems for general relativity theory (GRT), and shows that they ultimately originate from the use of Riemannian curvature and the abandonment of universal invariance (which is stronger than the customary covariance). These features cause GRT to be non-canonical at the classi-cal level and non-unitary at the operator level, resulting under time evolution in catastrophic structural prob-lems, such as lack of invariant basic measurement units, loss of stable numerical predictions, absence of reliable observables, etc. The nine inconsistency theorems are re-inspected via isotopic methods and the related new theory of gravitation known as isogravitation. This new theory offers swift and simple resolutions for all the in-consistencies identified in GRT.
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Lie-Admissible Invariant Origin of Irreversibility for Matter and Antimatter at the Classical and Operator Levels
It was generally believed throughout the 20-th century that irreversibility is a purely classical event without operator counterpart. However, a classical irreversible system cannot be consistently decomposed into a finite number of reversible quantum particles (and, vice versa), thus establishing that the origin of irreversibility is basically unknown at the dawn of the 21-th century. To resolve this problem, we adopt the historical an- alytic representation of irreversibility by Lagrange and Hamilton with external terms in their analytic equations; we show that, when properly written, the brackets of the time evolution characterize covering Lie-admissible algebras; we show that the for- malism has a fully consistent operator counterpart given by the Lie-admissible branch of hadronic mechanics; we identify catastrophic mathematical and physical inconsis- tencies when irreversible formulations are treated with the conventional mathematics used for reversible systems; and show that, when the dynamical equations are treated with a novel irreversible mathematics, Lie-admissible formulations are fully consistent because invariant at both the classical and operator level. The case of closed-isolated systems verifying conventional total conservation laws, yet possessing an irreversible structure, is treated via the Lie-isotopic subclass of Lie-admissible formulations. The analysis is conducted for both matter and antimatter at the classical and operator levels to prevent insidious inconskistenmcies occurring for the sole study of matter or, separately, antimatter, as known known for the problem of grand unificationsr.
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Isotopic, Genotopic and Hyperstructural Liftings of Lie's Theory and their Isoduals
After reviewing the basic role of Lie's theory for the mathematics and physics of this century, we identify its limitations for the treatment of systems beyond the local-differential, Hamiltonian and canonical-unitary conditions of the original conception. We therefore outline three sequential generalized mathematics introduced by the author under the name of iso-, geno- and hyper-mathematics which are based on generalized, Hermitean, non-Hermitean and multi-valued units, respectively. The resulting iso-, geno- and hyper-Lie theories, for which the new mathematics were submitted, have been extensively used for the description of nonlocal-integral systems with action-at-a-distance Hamiltonian and short-range-contact non-Hamiltonian interactions in reversible, irreversible and multi-valued conditions, respectively. We then point out that conventional, iso-, geno- and hyper-Lie theories are unable to provide a consistent classical representation of antimatter yielding the correct charge conjugate states at the operator counterpart. We therefore outline yet novel mathematics proposed by the author under the names of isodual conventional, iso-, geno- and hyper-mathematics, which constitute anti-isomorphic images of the original mathematics characterized by negative-definite units and norms. The emerging isodual generalizations of Lie's theory have permitted a novel consistent characterization of antimatter at all levels of study, from Newton to second quantization. The main message emerging after three decades of investigations is that the sole generalized theories as invariant as the original formulation, the sole usable in physics, are those preserving the original abstract Lie axioms, and merely realizing them in broader forms.
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Problematic aspects of string theories and their possible resolution
We identify new, rather serious, physical and axiomatic inconsistencies of the current formulation of string theories due to the lack of invariant units necessary for measurements, lack of preservation in time of Hermiticity-observability, and other shortcomings. We propose three novel reformulations of string theories for {\it matter} of progressively increasing complexity via the novel iso-, geno- and hyper-mathematics of hadronic mechanics, which resolve the current inconsistencies, while offering new intriguing possibilities, such as: an axiomatically consistent and invariant formulation on curved manifolds, the reduction of macroscopic irreversibility to the most primitive level of vibrations of the universal substratum (ether), or the treatment of multi-valued biological structures. We then identify three corresponding {\it classical} formulations of string theories for {\it antimatter} via the novel anti-isomorphic isodual mathematics. We finally outline the intriguing features of the emerging new cosmologies (including biological structures, as it should be for all cosmologies), such as: universal invariance (rather than covariance) under a symmetry isomorphic to the Poincaré group and its isodual; equal distributions of matter and antimatter in the universe (as a limit case); continuous creation; no need for the missing mass; significantly reduced dimensions; possibility of experimental identification of matter and antimatter in the universe; and identically null total characteristics of time, energy, linear and angular momentum, charge, etc.
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Universality of the isospecial relativity for the invariant description of arbitrary speeds of light
We review the recent experimental evidence on arbitrary values of the speed of light within physical media (interior dynamical problems); we recall that classical (operator) theories with speeds of light different than that in vacuum are noncanonically (nonunitarily) related to the special relativity, thus losing the original invariant character with consequential rather serious problems of physical consistency; we show that the isominkowskian geometry, the isopoincaré symmetry and the isospecial relativity provide a formulation of arbitrary speeds of light within physical media as invariant as that of the special relativity for the propagation of light in vacuum; we prove that the isospecial relativity is directly universal, in the sense of holding for all possible spacetime models with a symmetric metric directly in the frame of the observer; we outline the broader genotopic and hyperstructural formulations which are directly universal for single- and multiple-valued irreversible systems, respectively, with a generally nonsymmetric metric; we review the anti-isomorphic isodual formulations for the classical and operator representation of antimatter and the prediction of the new "isodual photon"; we finally point out a few representative connections between the invariant isotopic formulations and a rather large variety of generalized theories existing in the literature.
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AquaFuel: An example of the emerging new energies and the new methods for their scientific study
In this paper we initiate studies of the emerging new forms of energy by using as a representative example the new combustible gas called AquaFuel, discovered and patented by William H. Richardson, jr., whose rights are now owned by Toups Technology Licensing, Inc. (TTL), of Largo, Florida. In essence, AquaFuel is a new energy converter capable of transforming Carbon and water into a new combustible gas via an electric discharge. We show that AquaFuel can be produced easily, safely and rapidly in large amounts, and exhibits greatly reduced emission pollutants as compared to fossil fuels of current use. Despite its simplicity, the chemical and physical characteristics of AquaFuel are largely unknown at this writing. We then review nine basic experimental measurements which are necessary for a scientific appraisal of AquaFuel. We outline the limitations of quantum mechanics and chemistry for the treatment of {\it new} forms of energy, namely, energies which by definition should be {\it beyond} said theories. We finally point out the availability of broader theories specifically constructed for the study of new energies and point out available applications.
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Isominkowskian formulation of gravity
We submit the viewpoint that, perhaps, some of the controversies in gravitation occurred during this century are not due to insufficiencies of Einstein's field equations, but rather to insufficiencies in the mathematics used for their treatment. For this purpose we treat the same equations with the novel, broader isomathematics and related isominkowskian geometry, and show an apparently final resolution in favor of existing relativities of controversies such as: the lack of invariance of the basic units of space and time; lack of compatibility between gravitational and relativistic conservation laws; lack of meaningful relativistic limit of gravitation; and others. However, an apparent necessary condition for the resolution of these controversies is the abandonment of the notion of curvature used in this century in favor of a conceptual and mathematical broader notion. A number of intriguing implications and experimental verifications are pointed out.
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Isotopic Grand Unification with the Inclusion of Gravity (revised version)
We introduce a dual lifting of unified gauge theories, the first characterized by the isotopies, which are axiom- preserving maps into broader structures with positive-definite generalized units used for the representation of matter under the isotopies of the Poincare' symmetry, and the second characterized by the isodualities, which are anti-isomorphic maps with negative-definite generalized units used for the representation of antimatter under the isodualities of the Poincare' symmetry. We then submit, apparently for the first time, a novel grand unification with the inclusion of gravity for matter embedded in the generalized positive-definite units of unified gauge theories while gravity for antimatter is embedded in the isodual isounit. We then show that the proposed grand unification provides realistic possibilities for a resolution of the axiomatic incompatibilities between gravitation and electroweak interactions due to curvature, antimatter and the fundamental space-time symmetries.
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Conceivable new recycling of nuclear waste by nuclear power companies in their plants
We outline the basic principles and the needed experiments for a conceivable new recycling of nuclear waste by the power plants themselves to avoid its transportation and storage to a (yet unknown) dumping area. Details are provided in an adjoining paper and in patents pending.
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Use of relativistic hadronic mechanics for the exact representation of nuclear magnetic moments and the prediction of new recycling of nuclear waste
We present a new realization of relativistic hadronic me- chanics and its underlying iso-Poincar'e symmetry specifically constructed for nuclear physics which: 1) permits the representation of nucleons as ex- tended, nonspherical and deformable charge distributions with alterable mag- netic moments yet conventional angular momentum and spin; 2) results to be a nonunitary ``completion'' of relativistic quantum mechanics much along the EPR argument; yet 3) is axiom-preserving, thus preserves conventional quantum laws and the axioms of the special relativity. We show that the proposed new formalism permits the apparently first exact representation of the total magnetic moments of new-body nuclei under conventional physical laws. We then point out that, if experimentally confirmed the alterability of the intrinsic characteristics of nucleons would imply new forms of recycling nuclear waste by the nuclear power plants in their own site, thus avoiding its transportation and storage in a (yet unidentified) dumping area. A number of possible, additional basic advances are also indicated, such as: new un- derstanding of nuclear forces with nowel nonlinear, nonlocal and nonunitary terms due to mutual penetrations of the hyperdense nucleons; consequential new models of nuclear structures; new magnetic confinement of the controlled fusion taking into account the possible alterability of the intrinsic magnetic moments of nucleons at the initiation of the fusion process; new sources of en- ergy based on subnuclear processes; and other possible advances. The paper ends with the proposal of three experiments, all essential for the continuation of scientific studies and all of basic character, relatively moderate cost and full feasibility in any nuclear physical laboratory.
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