arXiv subjects

Russell Taylor

Publications and source records attributed to Russell Taylor.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Searching for Sound-Meaning Collisions: Graph-Based Affordance Retrieval and Multi-Evaluator Ranking for Pun Translation at CLEF 2026 JOKER Task 2

Fifteen years ago, Low proposed that pun translators should stop searching for equivalent words and instead search for new points of contact between sound and meaning. In this paper, we investigate that idea computationally. We model pun translation as a process of discovery, exploration, and selection. A retrieval system searches semantic and phonological neighborhoods for target-language affordances: sound-meaning bridges that may support new wordplay. Multiple language models then explore these opportunities by generating competing translations, while a multi-perspective generate-and-rank architecture selects among them. Beyond system development, our primary contribution is an analysis of how retrieved affordances propagate through the translation process. We find that generators actively exploit retrieved opportunities, evaluators progressively concentrate around stronger sound-meaning bridges, and exact phonological collisions are selected at disproportionately high rates when available. At the same time, many puns still yield no usable affordances, suggesting that retrieval remains the central bottleneck in computational pun translation. The resulting picture is remarkably close to the process envisioned by Low. Successful pun translation emerges not from preserving source-language words, but from discovering new places in the target language where sound and meaning collide.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2026

Pun Intended: Multi-Agent Translation of Wordplay with Contrastive Learning and Phonetic-Semantic Embeddings

Translating wordplay across languages has long challenged both professional translators and machine translation systems. We investigate three approaches to translating puns from English to French by combining large language models with linguistic constraints for wordplay generation. Our baseline uses a large language model with feedback from a discriminator prompted with positive and negative French examples. Our guided reasoning pipeline uses combined phonetic-semantic embeddings to retrieve lexical candidates for wordplay generation. Finally, our multi-agent framework iteratively evaluates and regenerates candidate translations using specialized feedback. Moving beyond literal translation, our objective is to preserve the linguistic creativity, ambiguity, and humor of the source-text wordplay rather than simply reproduce its vocabulary. The multi-agent and guided chain-of-thought systems ranked first and second, respectively, in the CLEF JOKER 2025 Task 2 competition under expert human evaluation, despite only modest improvements in BLEU and BERTScore. These findings suggest that both explicit phonetic-semantic guidance and iterative multi-agent evaluation can improve LLM-based wordplay translation relative to direct discriminator-guided generation, particularly when balancing semantic fidelity, phonetic similarity, and natural target-language expression

cs.CL↗

arXiv2026

Signal or 'Noise': Human Reactions to Robot Errors in the Wild

In the real world, robots frequently make errors, yet little is known about people's social responses to errors outside of lab settings. Prior work has shown that social signals are reliable and useful for error management in constrained interactions, but it is unclear if this holds in the real world - especially with a non-social robot in repeated and group interactions with successive or propagated errors. To explore this, we built a coffee robot and conducted a public field deployment ($N = 49$). We found that participants consistently expressed varied social signals in response to errors and other stimuli, particularly during group interactions. Our findings suggest that social signals in the wild are rich (with participants volunteering information about the interaction), but "noisy." We discuss lessons, benefits, and challenges for using social signals in real-world HRI.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2025

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development

Surgical data science (SDS) is rapidly advancing, yet clinical adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in surgery remains limited, with inadequate validation as an important contributing factor. Existing validation practices often neglect the temporal and hierarchical structure of intraoperative videos, yielding misleading or clinically irrelevant results. We introduce a comprehensive catalogue of validation pitfalls in AI-based surgical video analysis, derived from a multi-stage Delphi process with 92 international experts. Pitfalls span three categories: (1) data, (2) metric selection/configuration, and (3) aggregation and reporting. A systematic review of surgical AI papers reveals that these pitfalls are widespread. Experiments on surgical video datasets show that ignoring temporal and hierarchical data structures can understate uncertainty, obscure critical failure modes, and alter algorithm rankings. To address these shortcomings, we provide consensus-based best practices compiled. Together, this work provides an evidence-based framework for rigorous validation of surgical video analysis algorithms, guiding benchmarking, reporting, regulatory review, and clinical translation.

q-bio.OT↗

arXiv2025

Pun Intended: Multi-Agent Translation of Wordplay with Contrastive Learning and Phonetic-Semantic Embeddings for CLEF JOKER 2025 Task 2

Translating wordplay across languages presents unique challenges that have long confounded both professional human translators and machine translation systems. This research proposes a novel approach for translating puns from English to French by combining state-of-the-art large language models with specialized techniques for wordplay generation. Our methodology employs a three-stage approach. First, we establish a baseline using multiple frontier large language models with feedback based on a new contrastive learning dataset. Second, we implement a guided chain-of-thought pipeline with combined phonetic-semantic embeddings. Third, we implement a multi-agent generator-discriminator framework for evaluating and regenerating puns with feedback. Moving beyond the limitations of literal translation, our methodology's primary objective is to capture the linguistic creativity and humor of the source text wordplay, rather than simply duplicating its vocabulary. Our best runs earned first and second place in the CLEF JOKER 2025 Task 2 competition where they were evaluated manually by expert native French speakers. This research addresses a gap between translation studies and computational linguistics by implementing linguistically-informed techniques for wordplay translation, advancing our understanding of how language models can be leveraged to handle the complex interplay between semantic ambiguity, phonetic similarity, and the implicit cultural and linguistic awareness needed for successful humor.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

Robot Error Awareness Through Human Reactions: Implementation, Evaluation, and Recommendations

Effective error detection is crucial to prevent task disruption and maintain user trust. Traditional methods often rely on task-specific models or user reporting, which can be inflexible or slow. Recent research suggests social signals, naturally exhibited by users in response to robot errors, can enable more flexible, timely error detection. However, most studies rely on post hoc analysis, leaving their real-time effectiveness uncertain and lacking user-centric evaluation. In this work, we developed a proactive error detection system that combines user behavioral signals (facial action units and speech), user feedback, and error context for automatic error detection. In a study (N = 28), we compared our proactive system to a status quo reactive approach. Results show our system 1) reliably and flexibly detects error, 2) detects errors faster than the reactive approach, and 3) is perceived more favorably by users than the reactive one. We discuss recommendations for enabling robot error awareness in future HRI systems.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2024

Seamless Augmented Reality Integration in Arthroscopy: A Pipeline for Articular Reconstruction and Guidance

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat joint problems. The clinical workflow of arthroscopy typically involves inserting an arthroscope into the joint through a small incision, during which surgeons navigate and operate largely by relying on their visual assessment through the arthroscope. However, the arthroscope's restricted field of view and lack of depth perception pose challenges in navigating complex articular structures and achieving surgical precision during procedures. Aiming at enhancing intraoperative awareness, we present a robust pipeline that incorporates simultaneous localization and mapping, depth estimation, and 3D Gaussian splatting to realistically reconstruct intra-articular structures solely based on monocular arthroscope video. Extending 3D reconstruction to Augmented Reality (AR) applications, our solution offers AR assistance for articular notch measurement and annotation anchoring in a human-in-the-loop manner. Compared to traditional Structure-from-Motion and Neural Radiance Field-based methods, our pipeline achieves dense 3D reconstruction and competitive rendering fidelity with explicit 3D representation in 7 minutes on average. When evaluated on four phantom datasets, our method achieves RMSE = 2.21mm reconstruction error, PSNR = 32.86 and SSIM = 0.89 on average. Because our pipeline enables AR reconstruction and guidance directly from monocular arthroscopy without any additional data and/or hardware, our solution may hold the potential for enhancing intraoperative awareness and facilitating surgical precision in arthroscopy. Our AR measurement tool achieves accuracy within 1.59 +/- 1.81mm and the AR annotation tool achieves a mIoU of 0.721.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

Beyond the Manual Touch: Situational-aware Force Control for Increased Safety in Robot-assisted Skullbase Surgery

Purpose - Skullbase surgery demands exceptional precision when removing bone in the lateral skull base. Robotic assistance can alleviate the effect of human sensory-motor limitations. However, the stiffness and inertia of the robot can significantly impact the surgeon's perception and control of the tool-to-tissue interaction forces. Methods - We present a situational-aware, force control technique aimed at regulating interaction forces during robot-assisted skullbase drilling. The contextual interaction information derived from the digital twin environment is used to enhance sensory perception and suppress undesired high forces. Results - To validate our approach, we conducted initial feasibility experiments involving a medical and two engineering students. The experiment focused on further drilling around critical structures following cortical mastoidectomy. The experiment results demonstrate that robotic assistance coupled with our proposed control scheme effectively limited undesired interaction forces when compared to robotic assistance without the proposed force control. Conclusions - The proposed force control techniques show promise in significantly reducing undesired interaction forces during robot-assisted skullbase surgery. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance surgical precision and safety in complex procedures involving the lateral skull base.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2023

A force-sensing surgical drill for real-time force feedback in robotic mastoidectomy

Purpose: Robotic assistance in otologic surgery can reduce the task load of operating surgeons during the removal of bone around the critical structures in the lateral skull base. However, safe deployment into the anatomical passageways necessitates the development of advanced sensing capabilities to actively limit the interaction forces between the surgical tools and critical anatomy. Methods: We introduce a surgical drill equipped with a force sensor that is capable of measuring accurate tool-tissue interaction forces to enable force control and feedback to surgeons. The design, calibration and validation of the force-sensing surgical drill mounted on a cooperatively controlled surgical robot are described in this work. Results: The force measurements on the tip of the surgical drill are validated with raw-egg drilling experiments, where a force sensor mounted below the egg serves as ground truth. The average root mean square error (RMSE) for points and path drilling experiments are 41.7 (pm 12.2) mN and 48.3 (pm 13.7) mN respectively. Conclusions: The force-sensing prototype measures forces with sub-millinewton resolution and the results demonstrate that the calibrated force-sensing drill generates accurate force measurements with minimal error compared to the measured drill forces. The development of such sensing capabilities is crucial for the safe use of robotic systems in a clinical context.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2022

Modeling Human Response to Robot Errors for Timely Error Detection

In human-robot collaboration, robot errors are inevitable -- damaging user trust, willingness to work together, and task performance. Prior work has shown that people naturally respond to robot errors socially and that in social interactions it is possible to use human responses to detect errors. However, there is little exploration in the domain of non-social, physical human-robot collaboration such as assembly and tool retrieval. In this work, we investigate how people's organic, social responses to robot errors may be used to enable timely automatic detection of errors in physical human-robot interactions. We conducted a data collection study to obtain facial responses to train a real-time detection algorithm and a case study to explore the generalizability of our method with different task settings and errors. Our results show that natural social responses are effective signals for timely detection and localization of robot errors even in non-social contexts and that our method is robust across a variety of task contexts, robot errors, and user responses. This work contributes to robust error detection without detailed task specifications.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2020

The Role of Robotics in Infectious Disease Crises

The recent coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the many challenges faced by the healthcare, public safety, and economic systems when confronted with a surge in patients that require intensive treatment and a population that must be quarantined or shelter in place. The most obvious and pressing challenge is taking care of acutely ill patients while managing spread of infection within the care facility, but this is just the tip of the iceberg if we consider what could be done to prepare in advance for future pandemics. Beyond the obvious need for strengthening medical knowledge and preparedness, there is a complementary need to anticipate and address the engineering challenges associated with infectious disease emergencies. Robotic technologies are inherently programmable, and robotic systems have been adapted and deployed, to some extent, in the current crisis for such purposes as transport, logistics, and disinfection. As technical capabilities advance and as the installed base of robotic systems increases in the future, they could play a much more significant role in future crises. This report is the outcome of a virtual workshop co-hosted by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Computing Community Consortium (CCC) held on July 9-10, 2020. The workshop consisted of over forty participants including representatives from the engineering/robotics community, clinicians, critical care workers, public health and safety experts, and emergency responders. It identifies key challenges faced by healthcare responders and the general population and then identifies robotic/technological responses to these challenges. Then it identifies the key research/knowledge barriers that need to be addressed in developing effective, scalable solutions. Finally, the report ends with the following recommendations on how to implement this strategy.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2020

A Learning-based Method for Online Adjustment of C-arm Cone-Beam CT Source Trajectories for Artifact Avoidance

During spinal fusion surgery, screws are placed close to critical nerves suggesting the need for highly accurate screw placement. Verifying screw placement on high-quality tomographic imaging is essential. C-arm Cone-beam CT (CBCT) provides intraoperative 3D tomographic imaging which would allow for immediate verification and, if needed, revision. However, the reconstruction quality attainable with commercial CBCT devices is insufficient, predominantly due to severe metal artifacts in the presence of pedicle screws. These artifacts arise from a mismatch between the true physics of image formation and an idealized model thereof assumed during reconstruction. Prospectively acquiring views onto anatomy that are least affected by this mismatch can, therefore, improve reconstruction quality. We propose to adjust the C-arm CBCT source trajectory during the scan to optimize reconstruction quality with respect to a certain task, i.e. verification of screw placement. Adjustments are performed on-the-fly using a convolutional neural network that regresses a quality index for possible next views given the current x-ray image. Adjusting the CBCT trajectory to acquire the recommended views results in non-circular source orbits that avoid poor images, and thus, data inconsistencies. We demonstrate that convolutional neural networks trained on realistically simulated data are capable of predicting quality metrics that enable scene-specific adjustments of the CBCT source trajectory. Using both realistically simulated data and real CBCT acquisitions of a semi-anthropomorphic phantom, we show that tomographic reconstructions of the resulting scene-specific CBCT acquisitions exhibit improved image quality particularly in terms of metal artifacts. Since the optimization objective is implicitly encoded in a neural network, the proposed approach overcomes the need for 3D information at run-time.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2020

Generalizing Spatial Transformers to Projective Geometry with Applications to 2D/3D Registration

Differentiable rendering is a technique to connect 3D scenes with corresponding 2D images. Since it is differentiable, processes during image formation can be learned. Previous approaches to differentiable rendering focus on mesh-based representations of 3D scenes, which is inappropriate for medical applications where volumetric, voxelized models are used to represent anatomy. We propose a novel Projective Spatial Transformer module that generalizes spatial transformers to projective geometry, thus enabling differentiable volume rendering. We demonstrate the usefulness of this architecture on the example of 2D/3D registration between radiographs and CT scans. Specifically, we show that our transformer enables end-to-end learning of an image processing and projection model that approximates an image similarity function that is convex with respect to the pose parameters, and can thus be optimized effectively using conventional gradient descent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that spatial transformers have been described for projective geometry. The source code will be made public upon publication of this manuscript and we hope that our developments will benefit related 3D research applications.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2019

Automatic Annotation of Hip Anatomy in Fluoroscopy for Robust and Efficient 2D/3D Registration

Fluoroscopy is the standard imaging modality used to guide hip surgery and is therefore a natural sensor for computer-assisted navigation. In order to efficiently solve the complex registration problems presented during navigation, human-assisted annotations of the intraoperative image are typically required. This manual initialization interferes with the surgical workflow and diminishes any advantages gained from navigation. We propose a method for fully automatic registration using annotations produced by a neural network. Neural networks are trained to simultaneously segment anatomy and identify landmarks in fluoroscopy. Training data is obtained using an intraoperatively incompatible 2D/3D registration of hip anatomy. Ground truth 2D labels are established using projected 3D annotations. Intraoperative registration couples an intensity-based strategy with annotations inferred by the network and requires no human assistance. Ground truth labels were obtained in 366 fluoroscopic images across 6 cadaveric specimens. In a leave-one-subject-out experiment, networks obtained mean dice coefficients for left and right hemipelves, left and right femurs of 0.86, 0.87, 0.90, and 0.84. The mean 2D landmark error was 5.0 mm. The pelvis was registered within 1 degree for 86% of the images when using the proposed intraoperative approach with an average runtime of 7 seconds. In comparison, an intensity-only approach without manual initialization, registered the pelvis to 1 degree in 18% of images. We have created the first accurately annotated, non-synthetic, dataset of hip fluoroscopy. By using these annotations as training data for neural networks, state of the art performance in fluoroscopic segmentation and landmark localization was achieved. Integrating these annotations allows for a robust, fully automatic, and efficient intraoperative registration during fluoroscopic navigation of the hip.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2019

Fast and Automatic Periacetabular Osteotomy Fragment Pose Estimation Using Intraoperatively Implanted Fiducials and Single-View Fluoroscopy

Accurate and consistent mental interpretation of fluoroscopy to determine the position and orientation of acetabular bone fragments in 3D space is difficult. We propose a computer assisted approach that uses a single fluoroscopic view and quickly reports the pose of an acetabular fragment without any user input or initialization. Intraoperatively, but prior to any osteotomies, two constellations of metallic ball-bearings (BBs) are injected into the wing of a patient's ilium and lateral superior pubic ramus. One constellation is located on the expected acetabular fragment, and the other is located on the remaining, larger, pelvis fragment. The 3D locations of each BB are reconstructed using three fluoroscopic views and 2D/3D registrations to a preoperative CT scan of the pelvis. The relative pose of the fragment is established by estimating the movement of the two BB constellations using a single fluoroscopic view taken after osteotomy and fragment relocation. BB detection and inter-view correspondences are automatically computed throughout the processing pipeline. The proposed method was evaluated on a multitude of fluoroscopic images collected from six cadaveric surgeries performed bilaterally on three specimens. Mean fragment rotation error was 2.4 +/- 1.0 degrees, mean translation error was 2.1 +/- 0.6 mm, and mean 3D lateral center edge angle error was 1.0 +/- 0.5 degrees. The average runtime of the single-view pose estimation was 0.7 +/- 0.2 seconds. The proposed method demonstrates accuracy similar to other state of the art systems which require optical tracking systems or multiple-view 2D/3D registrations with manual input. The errors reported on fragment poses and lateral center edge angles are within the margins required for accurate intraoperative evaluation of femoral head coverage.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2019

Pelvis Surface Estimation From Partial CT for Computer-Aided Pelvic Osteotomies

Computer-aided surgical systems commonly use preoperative CT scans when performing pelvic osteotomies for intraoperative navigation. These systems have the potential to improve the safety and accuracy of pelvic osteotomies, however, exposing the patient to radiation is a significant drawback. In order to reduce radiation exposure, we propose a new smooth extrapolation method leveraging a partial pelvis CT and a statistical shape model (SSM) of the full pelvis in order to estimate a patient's complete pelvis. A SSM of normal, complete, female pelvis anatomy was created and evaluated from 42 subjects. A leave-one-out test was performed to characterise the inherent generalisation capability of the SSM. An additional leave-one-out test was conducted to measure performance of the smooth extrapolation method and an existing "cut-and-paste" extrapolation method. Unknown anatomy was simulated by keeping the axial slices of the patient's acetabulum intact and varying the amount of the superior iliac crest retained; from 0% to 15% of the total pelvis extent. The smooth technique showed an average improvement over the cut-and-paste method of 1.31 mm and 3.61 mm, in RMS and maximum surface error, respectively. With 5% of the iliac crest retained, the smoothly estimated surface had an RMS surface error of 2.21 mm, an improvement of 1.25 mm when retaining none of the iliac crest. This anatomical estimation method creates the possibility of a patient and surgeon benefiting from the use of a CAS system and simultaneously reducing the patient's radiation exposure.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2019

Patch-Based Image Similarity for Intraoperative 2D/3D Pelvis Registration During Periacetabular Osteotomy

Periacetabular osteotomy is a challenging surgical procedure for treating developmental hip dysplasia, providing greater coverage of the femoral head via relocation of a patient's acetabulum. Since fluoroscopic imaging is frequently used in the surgical workflow, computer-assisted X-Ray navigation of osteotomes and the relocated acetabular fragment should be feasible. We use intensity-based 2D/3D registration to estimate the pelvis pose with respect to fluoroscopic images, recover relative poses of multiple views, and triangulate landmarks which may be used for navigation. Existing similarity metrics are unable to consistently account for the inherent mismatch between the preoperative intact pelvis, and the intraoperative reality of a fractured pelvis. To mitigate the effect of this mismatch, we continuously estimate the relevance of each pixel to solving the registration and use these values as weightings in a patch-based similarity metric. Limiting computation to randomly selected subsets of patches results in faster runtimes than existing patch-based methods. A simulation study was conducted with random fragment shapes, relocations, and fluoroscopic views, and the proposed method achieved a 1.7 mm mean triangulation error over all landmarks, compared to mean errors of 3 mm and 2.8 mm for the non-patched and image-intensity-variance-weighted patch similarity metrics, respectively.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2019

Smooth Extrapolation of Unknown Anatomy via Statistical Shape Models

Several methods to perform extrapolation of unknown anatomy were evaluated. The primary application is to enhance surgical procedures that may use partial medical images or medical images of incomplete anatomy. Le Fort-based, face-jaw-teeth transplant is one such procedure. From CT data of 36 skulls and 21 mandibles separate Statistical Shape Models of the anatomical surfaces were created. Using the Statistical Shape Models, incomplete surfaces were projected to obtain complete surface estimates. The surface estimates exhibit non-zero error in regions where the true surface is known; it is desirable to keep the true surface and seamlessly merge the estimated unknown surface. Existing extrapolation techniques produce non-smooth transitions from the true surface to the estimated surface, resulting in additional error and a less aesthetically pleasing result. The three extrapolation techniques evaluated were: copying and pasting of the surface estimate (non-smooth baseline), a feathering between the patient surface and surface estimate, and an estimate generated via a Thin Plate Spline trained from displacements between the surface estimate and corresponding vertices of the known patient surface. Feathering and Thin Plate Spline approaches both yielded smooth transitions. However, feathering corrupted known vertex values. Leave-one-out analyses were conducted, with 5% to 50% of known anatomy removed from the left-out patient and estimated via the proposed approaches. The Thin Plate Spline approach yielded smaller errors than the other two approaches, with an average vertex error improvement of 1.46 mm and 1.38 mm for the skull and mandible respectively, over the baseline approach.

cs.CV↗