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Ryan J. Foley

Publications and source records attributed to Ryan J. Foley.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

A Cool and Inflated Progenitor Candidate for the Type Ib Supernova 2019yvr at 2.6 Years Before Explosion

We present Hubble Space Telescope imaging of a pre-explosion counterpart to SN 2019yvr obtained 2.6 years before its explosion as a type Ib supernova (SN Ib). Aligning to a post-explosion Gemini-S/GSAOI image, we demonstrate that there is a single source consistent with being the SN 2019yvr progenitor system, the second SN Ib progenitor candidate after iPTF13bvn. We also analyzed pre-explosion Spitzer/IRAC imaging, but we do not detect any counterparts at the SN location. SN 2019yvr was highly reddened, and comparing its spectra and photometry to those of other, less extinguished SNe Ib we derive $E(B-V)=0.51\substack{+0.27\\-0.16}$ mag for SN 2019yvr. Correcting photometry of the pre-explosion source for dust reddening, we determine that this source is consistent with a $\log(L/L_{\odot}) = 5.3 \pm 0.2$ and $T_{\mathrm{eff}} = 6800\substack{+400\\-200}$ K star. This relatively cool photospheric temperature implies a radius of 320$\substack{+30\\-50} R_{\odot}$, much larger than expectations for SN Ib progenitor stars with trace amounts of hydrogen but in agreement with previously identified SN IIb progenitor systems. The photometry of the system is also consistent with binary star models that undergo common envelope evolution, leading to a primary star hydrogen envelope mass that is mostly depleted but seemingly in conflict with the SN Ib classification of SN 2019yvr. SN 2019yvr had signatures of strong circumstellar interaction in late-time ($>$150 day) spectra and imaging, and so we consider eruptive mass loss and common envelope evolution scenarios that explain the SN Ib spectroscopic class, pre-explosion counterpart, and dense circumstellar material. We also hypothesize that the apparent inflation could be caused by a quasi-photosphere formed in an extended, low-density envelope or circumstellar matter around the primary star.

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The Landscape of Galaxies Harboring Changing-Look Active Galactic Nuclei in the Local Universe

We study the properties of the host galaxies of Changing-Look Active Galactic Nuclei (CL AGNs) with the aim of understanding the conditions responsible for triggering CL activity. We find that CL AGN hosts primarily reside in the so-called green valley that is located between spiral-like star-forming galaxies and dead ellipticals, implying that CL AGNs are activated during distinct periods of quenching and galaxy transformation processes. CL AGN hosts have low galaxy asymmetry indicators, suggesting that secular evolutionary processes (the influence of bars and spirals, and possibly minor mergers) might be the primary mechanism for transporting gas to the vicinity of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) rather than major mergers. Similar to tidal disruption events (TDEs) and highly variable AGNs, we find that CL AGN hosts are associated with SMBHs residing in high density pseudo-bulges and appear to overlap most significantly with the population of low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxies. As such, CL AGN are likely fueled by strong episodic bursts of accretion activity, which appear to take place preferentially as the amount of material accessible for star formation and accretion dwindles. We also identify that CL AGN hosts are characterized by either large Sérsic indices or high bulge fractions, which suggests a simple metric for identifying candidates for spectroscopic follow-up observations in forthcoming synoptic surveys.

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Photometric Classification of 2315 Pan-STARRS1 Supernovae with Superphot

The classification of supernovae (SNe) and its impact on our understanding of the explosion physics and progenitors have traditionally been based on the presence or absence of certain spectral features. However, current and upcoming wide-field time-domain surveys have increased the transient discovery rate far beyond our capacity to obtain even a single spectrum of each new event. We must therefore rely heavily on photometric classification, connecting SN light curves back to their spectroscopically defined classes. Here we present Superphot, an open-source Python implementation of the machine-learning classification algorithm of Villar et al., and apply it to 2315 previously unclassified transients from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey for which we obtained spectroscopic host-galaxy redshifts. Our classifier achieves an overall accuracy of 82%, with completenesses and purities of >80% for the best classes (SNe Ia and superluminous SNe). For the worst performing SN class (SNe Ibc), the completeness and purity fall to 37% and 21%, respectively. Our classifier provides 1257 newly classified SNe Ia, 521 SNe II, 298 SNe Ibc, 181 SNe IIn, and 58 SLSNe. These are among the largest uniformly observed samples of SNe available in the literature and will enable a wide range of statistical studies of each class.

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SN 2019muj -- a well-observed Type Iax supernova that bridges the luminosity gap of the class

We present early-time ($t < +50$ days) observations of SN 2019muj (= ASASSN-19tr), one of the best-observed members of the peculiar SN Iax class. Ultraviolet and optical photometric and optical and near-infrared spectroscopic follow-up started from $\sim$5 days before maximum light ($t_{max}(B)$ on $58707.8$ MJD) and covers the photospheric phase. The early observations allow us to estimate the physical properties of the ejecta and characterize the possible divergence from a uniform chemical abundance structure. The estimated bolometric light curve peaks at 1.05 $\times$ 10$^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and indicates that only 0.031 $M_\odot$ of $^{56}$Ni was produced, making SN 2019muj a moderate luminosity object in the Iax class with peak absolute magnitude of $M_{V}$ = -16.4 mag. The estimated date of explosion is $t_0 = 58698.2$ MJD and implies a short rise time of $t_{rise}$ = 9.6 days in $B$-band. We fit of the spectroscopic data by synthetic spectra, calculated via the radiative transfer code TARDIS. Adopting the partially stratified abundance template based on brighter SNe Iax provides a good match with SN 2019muj. However, without earlier spectra, the need for stratification cannot be stated in most of the elements, except carbon, which is allowed to appear in the outer layers only. SN 2019muj provides a unique opportunity to link extremely low-luminosity SNe Iax to well-studied, brighter SNe Iax.

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Double-Peaked Balmer Emission Indicating Prompt Accretion Disk Formation in an X-Ray Faint Tidal Disruption Event

We present the multi-wavelength analysis of the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT~2018hyz (ASASSN-18zj). From follow-up optical spectroscopy, we detect the first unambiguous case of resolved double-peaked Balmer emission in a TDE. The distinct line profile can be well-modelled by a low eccentricity ($e\approx0.1$) accretion disk extending out to $\sim$100 $R_{p}$ and a Gaussian component originating from non-disk clouds, though a bipolar outflow origin cannot be completely ruled out. Our analysis indicates that in AT~2018hyz, disk formation took place promptly after the most-bound debris returned to pericenter, which we estimate to be roughly tens of days before the first detection. Redistribution of angular momentum and mass transport, possibly through shocks, must occur on the observed timescale of about a month to create the large \Ha-emitting disk that comprises $\lesssim$5\% of the initial stellar mass. With these new insights from AT~2018hyz, we infer that circularization is efficient in at least some, if not all optically-bright, X-ray faint TDEs. In these efficiently circularized TDEs, the detection of double-peaked emission depends on the disk inclination angle and the relative strength of the disk contribution to the non-disk component, possibly explaining the diversity seen in the current sample.

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TDE Hosts are Green and Centrally Concentrated: Signatures of a Post-Merger System

We study the properties of the galaxies hosting the first 19 tidal disruption events (TDEs) detected with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) within the context of a carefully constructed, representative host galaxy sample. We find that the ZTF sample of TDE hosts is dominated by compact "green valley" galaxies. After we restrict the comparison sample to galaxies with a similar concentration, as measured by Sersic index, we find this green valley over representation is even larger. That is, concentrated red sequence galaxies are not producing TDEs at elevated levels. We present host galaxy spectra which show that E+A galaxies are overrepresented in the ZTF sample by a factor of $\approx$22, which is lower than previous TDE host galaxy studies have found. We find that this overrepresentation can be fully accounted for when taking into account the masses, colors, and Sérsic indices of the ZTF TDE hosts. The combination of both green colors and high Sérsic index of the typical TDE host galaxy could be explained if the TDE rate is temporarily enhanced following a merger that leads to a higher central concentration of stars.

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Measuring the Hubble Constant with a sample of kilonovae

Kilonovae produced by the coalescence of compact binaries with at least one neutron star are promising standard sirens for an independent measurement of the Hubble constant ($H_0$). Through their detection via follow-up of gravitational-wave (GW), short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) or optical surveys, a large sample of kilonovae (even without GW data) can be used for $H_0$ contraints. Here, we show measurement of $H_0$ using light curves associated with four sGRBs, assuming these are attributable to kilonovae, combined with GW170817. Including a systematic uncertainty on the models that is as large as the statistical ones, we find $H_0 = 73.8^{+6.3}_{-5.8}$\,$\mathrm{km}$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ and $H_0 = 71.2^{+3.2}_{-3.1}$\,$\mathrm{km}$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ for two different kilonova models that are consistent with the local and inverse-distance ladder measurements. For a given model, this measurement is about a factor of 2-3 more precise than the standard-siren measurement for GW170817 using only GWs.

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The Palomar Transient Factory Core-Collapse Supernova Host-Galaxy Sample. I. Host-Galaxy Distribution Functions and Environment-Dependence of CCSNe

Several thousand core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) of different flavors have been discovered so far. However, identifying their progenitors has remained an outstanding open question in astrophysics. Studies of SN host galaxies have proven to be powerful in providing constraints on the progenitor populations. In this paper, we present all CCSNe detected between 2009 and 2017 by the Palomar Transient Factory. This sample includes 888 SNe of 12 distinct classes out to redshift $z\approx1$. We present the photometric properties of their host galaxies from the far-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared and model the host-galaxy spectral energy distributions to derive physical properties. The galaxy mass functions of Type Ic, Ib, IIb, II, and IIn SNe ranges from $10^{5}$ to $10^{11.5}~M_\odot$, probing the entire mass range of star-forming galaxies down to the least-massive star-forming galaxies known. Moreover, the galaxy mass distributions are consistent with models of star-formation-weighted mass functions. Regular CCSNe are hence direct tracers of star formation. Small but notable differences exist between some of the SN classes. Type Ib/c SNe prefer galaxies with slightly higher masses (i.e., higher metallicities) and star-formation rates than Type IIb and II SNe. These differences are less pronounced than previously thought. H-poor SLSNe and SNe~Ic-BL are scarce in galaxies above $10^{10}~M_\odot$. Their progenitors require environments with metallicities of $<0.4$ and $<1$ solar, respectively. In addition, the hosts of H-poor SLSNe are dominated by a younger stellar population than all other classes of CCSNe. Our findings corroborate the notion that low-metallicity \textit{and} young age play an important role in the formation of SLSN progenitors.

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SuperRAENN: A Semi-supervised Supernova Photometric Classification Pipeline Trained on Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey Supernovae

Automated classification of supernovae (SNe) based on optical photometric light curve information is essential in the upcoming era of wide-field time domain surveys, such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) conducted by the Rubin Observatory. Photometric classification can enable real-time identification of interesting events for extended multi-wavelength follow-up, as well as archival population studies. Here we present the complete sample of 5,243 "SN-like" light curves (in griz) from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey (PS1-MDS). The PS1-MDS is similar to the planned LSST Wide-Fast-Deep survey in terms of cadence, filters and depth, making this a useful training set for the community. Using this dataset, we train a novel semi-supervised machine learning algorithm to photometrically classify 2,315 new SN-like light curves with host galaxy spectroscopic redshifts. Our algorithm consists of a random forest supervised classification step and a novel unsupervised step in which we introduce a recurrent autoencoder neural network (RAENN). Our final pipeline, dubbed SuperRAENN, has an accuracy of 87% across five SN classes (Type Ia, Ibc, II, IIn, SLSN-I). We find the highest accuracy rates for Type Ia SNe and SLSNe and the lowest for Type Ibc SNe. Our complete spectroscopically- and photometrically-classified samples break down into: 62.0% Type Ia (1839 objects), 19.8% Type II (553 objects), 4.8% Type IIn (136 objects), 11.7% Type Ibc (291 objects), and 1.6% Type I SLSNe (54 objects). Finally, we discuss how this algorithm can be modified for online LSST data streams.

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SN 2019ehk: A Double-Peaked Ca-rich Transient with Luminous X-ray Emission and Shock-Ionized Spectral Features

We present panchromatic observations and modeling of the Calcium-rich supernova 2019ehk in the star-forming galaxy M100 (d$\approx$16.2 Mpc) starting 10 hours after explosion and continuing for ~300 days. SN 2019ehk shows a double-peaked optical light curve peaking at $t = 3$ and $15$ days. The first peak is coincident with luminous, rapidly decaying $\textit{Swift}$-XRT discovered X-ray emission ($L_x\approx10^{41}~\rm{erg~s^{-1}}$ at 3 days; $L_x \propto t^{-3}$), and a Shane/Kast spectral detection of narrow H$α$ and He II emission lines ($v \approx 500$ km/s) originating from pre-existent circumstellar material. We attribute this phenomenology to radiation from shock interaction with extended, dense material surrounding the progenitor star at $r<10^{15}$ cm and the resulting cooling emission. We calculate a total CSM mass of $\sim$ $7\times10^{-3}$ $\rm{M_{\odot}}$ with particle density $n\approx10^{9}\,\rm{cm^{-3}}$. Radio observations indicate a significantly lower density $n < 10^{4}\,\rm{cm^{-3}}$ at larger radii. The photometric and spectroscopic properties during the second light curve peak are consistent with those of Ca-rich transients (rise-time of $t_r =13.4\pm0.210$ days and a peak B-band magnitude of $M_B =-15.1\pm0.200$ mag). We find that SN 2019ehk synthesized $(3.1\pm0.11)\times10^{-2} ~ \rm{M_{\odot}}$ of ${}^{56}\textrm{Ni}$ and ejected $M_{\rm ej} = (0.72\pm 0.040)~\rm{M_{\odot}}$ total with a kinetic energy $E_{\rm k}=(1.8\pm0.10)\times10^{50}~\rm{erg}$. Finally, deep $\textit{HST}$ pre-explosion imaging at the SN site constrains the parameter space of viable stellar progenitors to massive stars in the lowest mass bin (~10 $\rm{M_{\odot}}$) in binaries that lost most of their He envelope or white dwarfs. The explosion and environment properties of SN 2019ehk further restrict the potential WD progenitor systems to low-mass hybrid HeCO WD + CO WD binaries.

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Ca hnk: Calcium-rich Transient SN 2016hnk from the Helium Shell Detonation of a Sub-Chandrasekhar White Dwarf

We present observations and modeling of SN 2016hnk, a Ca-rich supernova (SN) that is consistent with being the result of a He-shell double-detonation explosion of a C/O white dwarf. We find that SN 2016hnk is intrinsically red relative to typical thermonuclear SNe and has a relatively low peak luminosity ($M_B = -15.4$ mag), setting it apart from low-luminosity Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). SN 2016hnk has a fast-rising light curve that is consistent with other Ca-rich transients ($t_r = 15$ d). We determine that SN 2016hnk produced $0.03 \pm 0.01 M_{\odot}$ of ${}^{56}\textrm{Ni}$ and $0.9 \pm 0.3 M_{\odot}$ of ejecta. The photospheric spectra show strong, high-velocity Ca II absorption and significant line blanketing at $λ< 5000$ Angstroms, making it distinct from typical (SN 2005E-like) Ca-rich SNe. SN 2016hnk is remarkably similar to SN 2018byg, which was modeled as a He-shell double-detonation explosion. We demonstrate that the spectra and light curves of SN 2016hnk are well modeled by the detonation of a $0.02 \ M_{\odot}$ helium shell on the surface of a $0.85 \ M_{\odot}$ C/O white dwarf. This analysis highlights the second observed case of a He-shell double-detonation and suggests a specific thermonuclear explosion that is physically distinct from SNe that are defined simply by their low luminosities and strong [Ca II] emission.

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The Curious Case of PHL 293B: A Long-Lived Transient in a Metal-Poor Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy

We report on small-amplitude optical variability and recent dissipation of the unusually persistent broad emission lines in the blue compact dwarf galaxy PHL 293B. The galaxy's unusual spectral features (P Cygni-like profiles with $\sim$800 km s$^{-1}$ blueshifted absorption lines) have resulted in conflicting interpretations of the nature of this source in the literature. However, analysis of new Gemini spectroscopy reveals the broad emission has begun to fade after being persistent for over a decade prior. Precise difference imaging light curves constructed with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Dark Energy Survey reveal small-amplitude optical variability of $\sim$0.1 mag in the g band offset by $100\pm21$ pc from the brightest pixel of the host. The light curve is well-described by an active galactic nuclei (AGN)-like damped random walk process. However, we conclude that the origin of the optical variability and spectral features of PHL 293B is due to a long-lived stellar transient, likely a Type IIn supernova or non-terminal outburst, mimicking long-term AGN-like variability. This work highlights the challenges of discriminating between scenarios in such extreme environments, relevant to searches for AGNs in dwarf galaxies. This is the second long-lived transient discovered in a blue compact dwarf, after SDSS1133. Our result implies such long-lived stellar transients may be more common in metal-deficient galaxies. Systematic searches for low-level variability in dwarf galaxies will be possible with the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time at Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

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The Rise and Fall of ASASSN-18pg: Following a TDE from Early To Late Times

We present nearly 500 days of observations of the tidal disruption event ASASSN-18pg, spanning from 54 days before peak light to 441 days after peak light. Our dataset includes X-ray, UV, and optical photometry, optical spectroscopy, radio observations, and the first published spectropolarimetric observations of a TDE. ASASSN-18pg was discovered on 2018 July 11 by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) at a distance of $d=78.6$ Mpc, and with a peak UV magnitude of $m\simeq14$ it is both one of the nearest and brightest TDEs discovered to-date. The photometric data allow us to track both the rise to peak and the long-term evolution of the TDE. ASASSN-18pg peaked at a luminosity of $L\simeq2.2\times10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$, and its late-time evolution is shallower than a flux $\propto t^{-5/3}$ power-law model, similar to what has been seen in other TDEs. ASASSN-18pg exhibited Balmer lines and spectroscopic features consistent with Bowen fluorescence prior to peak which remained detectable for roughly 225 days after peak. Analysis of the two-component H$α$ profile indicates that, if they are the result of reprocessing of emission from the accretion disk, the different spectroscopic lines may be coming from regions between $\sim10$ and $\sim60$ light-days from the black hole. No X-ray emission is detected from the TDE and there is no evidence of a jet or strong outflow detected in the radio. Our spectropolarimetric observations give no strong evidence for significant asphericity in the emission region, with the emission region having an axis ratio of at least $\sim0.65$.

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On standardizing kilonovae and their use as standard candles to measure the Hubble constant

The detection of GW170817 is revolutionizing many areas of astrophysics with the joint observation of gravitational waves and electromagnetic emissions. These multi-messenger events provide a new approach to determine the Hubble constant, thus, they are a promising candidate for mitigating the tension between measurements of Type Ia supernovae via the local distance ladder and the Cosmic Microwave Background. In addition to the "standard siren" provided by the gravitational-wave measurement, the kilonova itself has characteristics that allow to improve existing measurements or to perform yet another, independent measurement of the Hubble constant without gravitational-wave information. Here, we employ standardization techniques borrowed from the type-Ia community and apply them to kilonovae, not using any information from the gravitational-wave signal. We use two versions of this technique, one derived from direct observables measured from the lightcurve, and the other based on inferred ejecta parameters, e.g., mass, velocity, and composition, for two different models. These lead to Hubble Constant measurements of $H_0 = 109^{+49}_{-35}$\,km $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ for the measured analysis, and $H_0 = 85^{+22}_{-17}$\,km $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ and $H_0 = 79^{+23}_{-15}$\,km $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ for the inferred analyses. This measurement has error bars within ~$\sim$\,2 to the gravitational-wave measurements ($H_0=74^{+16}_{-8}$\,km $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ $\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$), showing its promise as an independent constraint on $H_0$.

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Updated Parameter Estimates for GW190425 Using Astrophysical Arguments and Implications for the Electromagnetic Counterpart

The progenitor system of the compact binary merger GW190425 had a total mass of $3.4^{+0.3}_{-0.1}$ M$_\odot$ (90th-percentile confidence region) as measured from its gravitational wave signal. This mass is significantly different from the Milky Way (MW) population of binary neutron stars (BNSs) that are expected to merge in a Hubble time and from that of the first BNS merger, GW170817. Here we explore the expected electromagnetic signatures of such a system. We make several astrophysically motivated assumptions to further constrain the parameters of GW190425. By simply assuming that both components were NSs, we reduce the possible component masses significantly, finding $m_1 = 1.85^{+0.27}_{-0.19}$ M$_\odot$ and $m_2 = 1.47^{+0.16}_{-0.18}$ M$_\odot$. However if the GW190425 progenitor system was a NS-black hole merger, we find best-fitting parameters $m_1 = 2.19^{+0.21}_{-0.17}$ M$_\odot$ and $m_2 = 1.26^{+0.10}_{-0.08}$ M$_\odot$. For a well-motivated BNS system where the lighter NS has a mass similar to the mass of non-recycled NSs in MW BNS systems, we find $m_1 = 2.03^{+0.15}_{-0.14}$ M$_\odot$ and $m_2 = 1.35 \pm 0.09$ M$_\odot$, corresponding to only 7% mass uncertainties. For all scenarios, we expect a prompt collapse of the resulting remnant to a black hole. Examining detailed models with component masses similar to our best-fitting results, we find the electromagnetic counterpart to GW190425 is expected to be significantly redder and fainter than that of GW170817. We find that almost all reported observations used to search for an electromagnetic counterpart for GW190425 were too shallow to detect the expected counterpart. If the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration promptly provides the chirp mass, the astronomical community can adapt their observations to improve the likelihood of detecting a counterpart for similarly "high-mass" BNS systems. (abridged)

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Seventeen Tidal Disruption Events from the First Half of ZTF Survey Observations: Entering a New Era of Population Studies

While tidal disruption events (TDEs) have long been heralded as laboratories for the study of quiescent black holes, the small number of known TDEs and uncertainties in their emission mechanism have hindered progress towards this promise. Here present 17 new TDEs that have been detected recently by the Zwicky Transient Facility along with Swift UV and X-ray follow-up observations. Our homogeneous analysis of the optical/UV light curves, including 22 previously known TDEs from the literature, reveals a clean separation of light curve properties with spectroscopic class. The TDEs with Bowen fluorescence features in their optical spectra have smaller blackbody radii, as well as longer rise times and higher disruption rates compared to the rest of the sample. The Bowen fluorescence mechanism requires a high density which can be reached at smaller radii, which in turn yields longer diffusion timescales. Thus, the difference in rise times suggests the pre-peak TDE light curves are governed not by the fallback timescale, but instead by the diffusion of photons through the tidal debris. The small subset of TDEs that show only helium emission lines in their spectra have the longest rise times, the highest luminosities and the lowest rates. We also report, for the first time, the detection of soft X-ray flares from a TDE on day timescales. Based on the fact the flares peak at a luminosity similar to the optical/UV blackbody luminosity, we attribute them to brief glimpses through a reprocessing layer that otherwise obscures the inner accretion flow.

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Teamwork Makes the Dream Work: Optimizing Multi-Telescope Observations of Gravitational-Wave Counterparts

The ever-increasing sensitivity of the network of gravitational-wave detectors has resulted in the accelerated rate of detections from compact binary coalescence systems in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. Not only has the event rate increased, but also the distances to which phenomena can be detected, leading to a rise in the required sky volume coverage to search for counterparts. Additionally, the improvement of the detectors has resulted in the discovery of more compact binary mergers involving neutron stars, revitalizing dedicated follow-up campaigns. While significant effort has been made by the community to optimize single telescope observations, using both synoptic and galaxy-targeting methods, less effort has been paid to coordinated observations in a network. This is becoming crucial, as the advent of gravitational-wave astronomy has garnered interest around the globe, resulting in abundant networks of telescopes available to search for counterparts. In this paper, we extend some of the techniques developed for single telescopes to a telescope network. We describe simple modifications to these algorithms and demonstrate them on existing network examples. These algorithms are implemented in the open-source software \texttt{gwemopt}, used by some follow-up teams, for ease of use by the broader community.

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A luminosity distribution for kilonovae based on short gamma-ray burst afterglows

The combined detection of a gravitational-wave signal, kilonova, and short gamma-ray burst (sGRB) from GW170817 marked a scientific breakthrough in the field of multi-messenger astronomy. But even before GW170817, there have been a number of sGRBs with possible associated kilonova detections. In this work, we re-examine these "historical" sGRB afterglows with a combination of state-of-the-art afterglow and kilonova models. This allows us to include optical/near-infrared synchrotron emission produced by the sGRB as well as ultraviolet/optical/near-infrared emission powered by the radioactive decay of $r$-process elements (i.e., the kilonova). Fitting the lightcurves, we derive the velocity and the mass distribution as well as the composition of the ejected material. The posteriors on kilonova parameters obtained from the fit were turned into distributions for the peak magnitude of the kilonova emission in different bands and the time at which this peak occurs. From the sGRB with an associated kilonova, we found that the peak magnitude in H bands falls in the range [-16.2, -13.1] ($95\%$ of confidence) and occurs within $0.8-3.6\,\rm days$ after the sGRB prompt emission. In g band instead we obtain a peak magnitude in range [-16.8, -12.3] occurring within the first $18\,\rm hr$ after the sGRB prompt. From the luminosity distributions of GW170817/AT2017gfo, kilonova candidates GRB130603B, GRB050709 and GRB060614 (with the possible inclusion of GRB150101B) and the upper limits from all the other sGRBs not associated with any kilonova detection we obtain for the first time a kilonova luminosity function in different bands.

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