Ryogo Okubo | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

Studies on photon-feedback and LaB$_6$ photocathode for the GasPM development

We present new developments, based on beam tests and cosmic rays, on the gaseous photomultiplier (GasPM). The GasPM detects photons by combining a photocathode with a resistive-plate-chamber avalanche. It achieves $\mathcal{O}$(10) ps time resolution with affordable scalability. The GasPM provides precise and efficient Cherenkov-based charged-particle identification too when combined with a radiator. Our target application in a future Belle II upgrade aims at suppressing beam-induced background photons, which are typically detected off-collision time, that spoil the electromagnetic calorimeter performance. We reached 25 ps single-photon time-resolution at 3.3x10$^6$ gain in 2022, using a picosecond-pulse laser and a LaB$_6$ photocathode. However, electrons entering through a MgF$_2$ window upstream of a CsI photocathode showed a worsening to 70 ps in a 2023 test. Here we aim at addressing the chief causes of the observed degradation. We focus on ultraviolet-photon emission from the de-excitation of the gas molecules, which generates a secondary "photon-feedback" signal overlapping the primary one, and degrading time resolution. We conceive and operate an improved beam test that, along with multiple device-configuration changes, employes a new 10 GSPS frequency digitizer to separate the photon-feedback signal from the genuine signal. We also use cosmic-rays on a LaB$_6$ photocathode, which has higher than CsI's resistance to air and to ions drifting backwards onto the photocathode, to explore its quantum efficiency.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Recent GasPM advances: photon-feedback mitigation and LaB$_{6}$ photocathode studies

We report recent developments and tests with beams and cosmic rays of the gaseous photomultiplier (GasPM). The GasPM is a photosensor that combines a photocathode with the avalanche-multiplication mechanism of a resistive-plate chamber, offering excellent time resolution and cost-effective scalability. In addition, the GasPM provides precise and efficient Cherenkov-based charged-particle identification if combined with a radiator. Our primary use case aims at an upgrade of the Belle II detector to suppress beam-induced background photons, preferably detected off-collision time, that degrade the performance of the electromagnetic calorimeter. In 2022 we achieved a promising single-photon time-resolution of 25 ps at 3.3 x 10$^6$ gain, using a picosecond-pulse laser and a LaB$_6$ photocathode. However, a 2023 beam test with electrons impinging on a MgF$_2$ window attached to a CsI photocathode showed a worsening to 70 ps. This work aims at addressing the principal causes of the time-resolution degradation. We primarily target ultraviolet-photon emission during excitation and de-excitation of the gas molecules, which leads to a secondary signal that overlaps the primary signal, spoiling time resolution (photon feedback). We design and execute an improved beam test. Along with several GasPM configuration changes, we introduce a new 10 GSPS frequency digitizer to better discriminate primary from secondary signals thus enabling the study of photon feedback. We also conduct a cosmic-ray test using a LaB$_6$ photocathode, which is known to have higher than CsI's resistance to ions drifting backwards onto the photocathode and to air exposure, to probe quantum efficiency in view of an upcoming beam test.

physics.ins-det↗