arXiv subjects

S. Alwin Mao

Publications and source records attributed to S. Alwin Mao.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Studying Outflows with Synthetic Absorption Line Spectra from High Resolution Simulations

Down-the-barrel absorption line spectra are a powerful probe of the properties of multiphase galactic outflows. In this work, we demonstrate a method to generate realistic synthetic spectra using high resolution ($Δx=5-20 \ \mathrm{pc}$), 20-kiloparsec-scale outflow simulations from the next generation of the CGOLS project. Aiming to mimic modern observational surveys of nearby star-forming galaxies, we generate a suite of UV absorption lines, from which we measure common observables such as equivalent widths and velocity statistics, and compare them to observed values. The velocity statistics from the simulated data agree well with high-resolution, far-UV HST treasury data, but the equivalent widths (EWs) display more variability. Our fiducial EWs are systematically lower than the empirical predictions by $\sim50-97\%$, particularly in the lines with higher ionization potentials, though these values increase with inclination angle, star formation rate, and time. We find a strong correlation between the measured outflow velocity and ionization potential, reminiscent of the known correlation between velocity and temperature from the simulations. We also study the effect of simulation resolution on our statistics, finding the EWs to be much more sensitive to the simulation resolution than the velocities. Overall, we find that we can generate realistic synthetic spectra from high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations that are qualitatively similar to observations. In future work, we will further improve the physical realism of our synthetic spectra by implementing a more accurate ionizing background spectrum, with the ultimate goal of improving constraints on derived outflow properties from observations.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

Cloud properties in simulated galactic winds

In this work, we investigate the properties of a population of cool clouds in simulated galaxy outflows. Using data from the CGOLS isolated galaxy simulations, we generate catalogues of $\sim 10^5$ clouds. We describe the impact of two different supernova feedback models -- a centrally concentrated starburst and disk-wide distributed star formation -- on the resulting cloud population. In both cases we find that the mass distribution function $dN/dM \propto M^{-2}$, in good agreement with model predictions of turbulent fragmentation. We explore how cloud properties change with distance from the galaxy and find no qualitative distinction between the two feedback modes, although significant quantitative differences exist in attributes such as the total number of clouds, their densities, etc. We further show that both internal cloud velocities and cloud-cloud relative velocities are described well by properties of turbulent motion, despite significant bulk radial velocities. Finally, we investigate the distribution of cloud sizes in the context of recent theoretical arguments about cloud survival in winds. We find that proposed cloud survival criteria are a good predictor of cloud survival, in both the case where clouds are primarily destroyed and the case where cloud growth occurs in the outflow.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

CGOLS V: Disk-wide Stellar Feedback and Observational Implications of the Cholla Galactic Wind Model

We present the fifth simulation in the CGOLS project -- a set of isolated starburst galaxy simulations modeled over large scales ($10\kpc$) at uniformly high resolution ($Δx \approx 5\pc$). Supernova feedback in this simulation is implemented as a disk-wide distribution of clusters, and we assess the impact of this geometry on several features of the resulting outflow, including radial profiles of various phases; mass, momentum, and energy outflow rates; covering fraction of cool gas; mock absorption-line spectra; and X-ray surface brightness. In general, we find that the outflow generated by this model is cooler, slower, and contains more mass in the cool phase than a more centrally concentrated outflow driven by a similar number of supernovae. In addition, the energy loading factors in the hot phase are an order-of-magnitude lower, indicating much larger losses due to radiative cooling in the outflow. However, coupling between the hot and cool phases is more efficient than in the nuclear burst case, with almost 50\% of the total outflowing energy flux carried by the cool phase at a radial distance of 5 kpc. These physical differences have corresponding signatures in observable quantities: the covering fraction of cool gas is much larger, and there is greater evidence of absorption in low and intermediate ionization-energy lines. Taken together, our simulations indicate that centrally-concentrated starbursts are more effective at driving hot, low-density outflows that will expand far into the halo, while galaxy-wide bursts may be more effective at removing cool gas from the disk.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

Cloud Properties and Correlations with Star Formation in Numerical Simulations of the Three-Phase ISM

We apply gravity-based and density-based methods to identify clouds in numerical simulations of the star-forming, three-phase interstellar medium (ISM), and compare their properties and their global correlation with the star formation rate over time. The gravity-based method identifies bound objects, which have masses M ~ 10^3 - 10^4 M_solar at densities n_H ~ 100 cm^-3, and traditional virial parameters alpha_v ~ 0.5 - 5. For clouds defined by a density threshold n_H,min , the average virial parameter decreases, and the fraction of material that is genuinely bound increases, at higher n_H,min. Surprisingly, these clouds can be unbound even when alpha_v < 2, and high mass clouds (10^4 - 10^6 M_solar) are generally unbound. This suggests that the traditional alpha_v is at best an approximate measure of boundedness in the ISM. All clouds have internal turbulent motions increasing with size as sigma ~ 1 km/s(R/ pc)^1/2, similar to observed relations. Bound structures comprise a small fraction of the total simulation mass, with star formation efficiency per free-fall time epsilon_ff ~ 0.4. For n_H,min = 10 - 100 cm^-3, epsilon_ff ~ 0.03 - 0.3, increasing with density. Temporal correlation analysis between SFR(t) and aggregate mass M(n_H,min;t) at varying n_H,min shows that time delays to star formation are t_delay ~ t_ff(n_H,min). Correlation between SFR(t) and M(nH,min;t) systematically tightens at higher n_H,min. Considering moderate-density gas, selecting against high virial parameter clouds improves correlation with SFR, consistent with previous work. Even at high n_H,min, the temporal dispersion in (SFR-epsilon_ff M/t_ff )/ is ~ 50%, due to the large-amplitude variations and inherent stochasticity of the system.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

Galactic disk winds driven by cosmic ray pressure

Cosmic ray pressure gradients transfer energy and momentum to extraplanar gas in disk galaxies, potentially driving significant mass loss as galactic winds. This may be particularly important for launching high-velocity outflows of "cool" (T < 10^4 K) gas. We study cosmic-ray driven disk winds using a simplified semi-analytic model assuming streamlines follow the large-scale gravitational potential gradient. We consider scaled Milky Way-like potentials including a disk, bulge, and halo with a range of halo velocities V_H = 50-300 km/s, and streamline footpoints with radii in the disk R_0=1-16 kpc at height 1 kpc. Our solutions cover a wide range of footpoint gas velocity u_0, magnetic-to-cosmic-ray pressure ratio, gas-to-cosmic-ray pressure ratio, and angular momentum. Cosmic ray streaming at the Alfvén speed enables the effective sound speed C_eff to increase from the footpoint to a critical point where C_eff,c = u_c ~ V_H; this differs from thermal winds in which C_eff decreases outward. The critical point is typically at a height of 1-6 kpc from the disk, increasing with V_H, and the asymptotic wind velocity exceeds the escape speed of the halo. Mass loss rates are insensitive to the footpoint values of the magnetic field and angular momentum. In addition to numerical parameter space exploration, we develop and compare to analytic scaling relations. We show that winds have mass loss rates per unit area up to ~ Pi_0 V_H^-5/3 u_0^2/3 where Pi_0 is the footpoint cosmic ray pressure and u_0 is set by the upwelling of galactic fountains. The predicted wind mass-loss rate exceeds the star formation rate for V_H < 200 km/s and u_0 = 50 km/s, a typical fountain velocity.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2016

The impact of non-thermal electrons on event horizon scale images and spectra of Sgr A*

Decomposing an arbitrary electron energy distribution into sums of Maxwellian and power law components is an efficient method to calculate synchrotron emission and absorption. We use this method to study the effect of non-thermal electrons on submm images and spectra of the Galactic center black hole, Sgr A*. We assume a spatially uniform functional form for the electron distribution function and use a semi-analytic radiatively inefficient accretion flow and a 2D general relativistic MHD snapshot as example models of the underlying accretion flow structure. We develop simple analytic models which allow us to generalize from the numerical examples. A high energy electron component containing a small fraction (few per cent) of the total internal energy (e.g. a "power law tail") can produce a diffuse halo of emission, which modifies the observed image size and structure. A population of hot electrons with a larger energy fraction (e.g. resulting from a diffusion in electron energy space) can dominate the emission, so that the observed images and spectra are well approximated by considering only a single thermal component for a suitable choice of the electron temperature. We discuss the implications of these results for estimating accretion flow or black hole parameters from images and spectra, and for the identification of the black hole "shadow" in future mm-VLBI data. In particular, the location of the first minimum in visibility profiles does not necessarily correspond to the shadow size as sometimes assumed.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2013

Azimuthal Density Variations Around the Rim of Tycho's Supernova Remnant

{\it Spitzer} images of Tycho's supernova remnant in the mid-infrared reveal limb-brightened emission from the entire periphery of the shell and faint filamentary structures in the interior. As with other young remnants, this emission is produced by dust grains, warmed to $\sim 100$ K in the post-shock environment by collisions with energetic electrons and ions. The ratio of the 70 to 24 $μ$m fluxes is a diagnostic of the dust temperature, which in turn is a sensitive function of the plasma density. We find significant variations in the 70/24 flux ratio around the periphery of Tycho's forward shock, implying order-of-magnitude variations in density. While some of these are likely localized interactions with dense clumps of the interstellar medium, we find an overall gradient in the ambient density surrounding Tycho, with densities 3-10 times higher in the NE than in the SW. This large density gradient is qualitatively consistent with the variations in the proper motion of the shock observed in radio and X-ray studies. Overall, the mean ISM density around Tycho is quite low ($\sim 0.1-0.2$ cm$^{-3}$), consistent with the lack of thermal X-ray emission observed at the forward shock. We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of a Type Ia SN expanding into a density gradient in the ISM, and find that the overall round shape of the remnant is still easily acheivable, even for explosions into significant gradients. However, this leads to an offset of the center of the explosion from the geometric center of the remnant of up to 20%, although lower values of 10% are preferred. The best match with hydrodynamical simulations is achieved if Tycho is located at a large (3-4 kpc) distance in a medium with a mean preshock density of $\sim 0.2$ cm$^{-3}$. Such preshock densities are obtained for highly ($\ga 50$%) porous ISM grains.

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