arXiv subjects

S. Antoniucci

Publications and source records attributed to S. Antoniucci.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2017

Investigating the past history of EXors: the cases of V1118 Ori, V1143 Ori, and NY Ori

EXor objects are young variables that show episodic variations of brightness commonly associated to enhanced accretion outbursts. With the aim of investigating the long-term photometric behaviour of a few EXor sources, we present here data from the archival plates of the Asiago Observatory, showing the Orion field where the three EXors V1118, V1143, and NY are located. A total of 484 plates were investigated, providing a total of more than 1000 magnitudes for the three stars, which cover a period of about 35 yrs between 1959 to 1993. We then compared our data with literature data. Apart from a newly discovered flare-up of V1118, we identify the same outbursts already known, but we provide two added values: (i) a long-term sampling of the quiescence phase; and (ii) repeated multi-colour observations (BVRI bands). The former allows us to give a reliable characterisation of the quiescence, which represents a unique reference for studies that will analyze future outbursts and the physical changes induced by these events. The latter is useful for confirming whether the intermittent increases of brightness are accretion-driven (as in the case of V1118), or extinction-driven (as in the case of V1143). Accordingly, doubts arise about the V1143 classification as a pure EXor object. Finally, although our plates do not separate NY Ori and the star very close to it, they indicate that this EXor did not undergo any major outbursts during our 40 yrs of monitoring.

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arXiv2016

X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects

We present the results of a study of the stellar and accretion properties of the (almost) complete sample of class II and transitional YSOs in the Lupus I, II, III and IV clouds, based on spectroscopic data acquired with the VLT/X-Shooter spectrograph. Our study combines the dataset from our previous work with new observations of 55 additional objects. We have investigated 92 YSO candidates in total, 11 of which have been definitely identified with giant stars unrelated to Lupus. The stellar and accretion properties of the 81 bona fide YSOs, which represent more than 90% of the whole class~II and transition disc YSO population in the aforementioned Lupus clouds, have been homogeneously and self-consistently derived, allowing for an unbiased study of accretion and its relationship with stellar parameters. The accretion luminosity, Lacc, increases with the stellar luminosity, Lstar, with an overall slope of ~1.6, similar but with a smaller scatter than in previous studies. There is a significant lack of strong accretors below Lstar~0.1Lsun, where Lacc is always lower than 0.01Lstar. We argue that the Lacc-Lstar slope is not due to observational biases, but is a true property of the Lupus YSOs. The logMacc-logMstar correlation shows a statistically significant evidence of a break, with a steeper relation for Mstar<0.2Msun and a flatter slope for higher masses. The bimodality of the Macc-Mstar relation is confirmed with four different evolutionary models used to derive the stellar mass. The bimodal behaviour of the observed relationship supports the importance of modelling self-gravity in the early evolution of the more massive discs, but other processes, such as photo evaporation and planet formation during the YSO's lifetime, may also lead to disc dispersal on different timescales depending on the stellar mass. We also refined the empirical Lacc vs. Lline relationships.

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arXiv2016

X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects - VI - HI line decrements

Hydrogen recombination emission lines commonly observed in accreting young stellar objects represent a powerful tracer for the gas conditions in the circumstellar structures. Here we perform a study of the HI decrements and line profiles, from the Balmer and Paschen lines detected in the X-Shooter spectra of a homogeneous sample of 36 T Tauri stars in Lupus, the accretion and stellar properties of which were already derived in a previous work. We aim to obtain information on the gas physical conditions to derive a consistent picture of the HI emission mechanisms in pre-main sequence low-mass stars. We have empirically classified the sources based on their HI line profiles and decrements. We identified four Balmer decrement types (classified as 1, 2, 3, and 4) and three Paschen decrement types (A, B, and C), characterised by different shapes. We first discussed the connection between the decrement types and the source properties and then compared the observed decrements with predictions from recently published local line excitation models. One third of the objects show lines with narrow symmetric profiles, and present similar Balmer and Paschen decrements (straight decrements, types 2 and A). Lines in these sources are consistent with optically thin emission from gas with hydrogen densities of order 10^9 cm^-3 and 5000 11 cm^-3). Type 1 (curved) Balmer decrements are observed only in three sub-luminous sources viewed edge-on, so we speculate that these are actually reddened type 2 decrements. About 20% of the objects present type 3 Balmer decrements (bumpy), which cannot be reproduced with current models.

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arXiv2016

The 2008 outburst in the Young Stellar System Z CMa. III - Multi-epoch high-angular resolution images and spectra of the components in near-infrared

Z CMa is a complex pre-main sequence binary with a current separation of 100 mas, known to consist of an FU Orionis star (SE component) and an embedded Herbig Be star (NW component). Immediately when the late-2008 outburst of Z CMa was announced to the community, we initiated a high angular resolution imaging campaign with VLT/NaCo, Keck/NIRC2, VLT/SINFONI, and Keck/OSIRIS which aimed at characterizing the outburst of both components of the system in the near-infrared. We confirm that the NW star dominates the system flux in the 1.1-3.8 microns range and is responsible for the photometric outburst. We extract the first medium-resolution (R=2000-4000) near-infrared (1.1-2.4 microns) spectra of the individual components during and after the outburst. The SE component has a spectrum typical of FU Orionis objects. The NW component spectrum is characteristic of embedded outbursting protostars and EX Or objects. It displays numerous emission lines during the outburst whose intensity correlates with the system activity. In particular, we find a correlation between the Brackett gamma equivalent width and the system brightness. The bluing of the continuum of the NW component along with the absolute flux and color-variation of the system during the outburst suggests that the outburst was caused by a complex interplay between a variation of the extinction in the line of sight of the NW component on one hand, and the emission of shocked regions close to the NW component on the other. We confirm the recently reported wiggling of the SE component jet from [Fe II] line emission. We find a point-like structure associated with a peak emission at 2.098 microns coincidental with the clump or arm seen in broadband polarization differential imaging as well as additional diffuse emission along a PA=214 degrees. The origin of these two structures is unclear and deserves further investigation.

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arXiv2016

Sub-0.1" optical imaging of the Z CMa jets with SPHERE/ZIMPOL

Crucial information on the mass accretion-ejection in young stars can be obtained from high spatial resolution images of jets in sources with recurrent accretion outbursts. Using the SPHERE/ZIMPOL instrument, we observed the young binary Z CMa that is composed of a Herbig Be star and a FUor object, both driving a jet. We analyse the structure of the two jets in relation with previous accretion events observed in this target. We obtained optical images in the Halpha and OI 6300A lines at the unprecedented angular resolution of ~0.03 arcsec, on which we have performed both continuum subtraction and deconvolution, thereby deriving results that are consistent with each other. Our images reveal extended emission from both sources: a fairly compact and poorly collimated emission SW of the Herbig component and an extended collimated and precessing jet from the FUor component. The compact emission from the Herbig star is compatible with a wide-angle wind and is possibly connected to the recent outburst events shown by this component. The FUor jet is traced down to 70 mas (80 AU) from the source and is highly collimated with a width of 26-48 AU at distances 100-200 AU, which is similar to the width of jets from T Tauri stars. This strongly suggests that the same magneto-centrifugal jet-launching mechanism also operates in FUors. The observed jet wiggle can be modelled as originating from an orbital motion with a period of 4.2 yr around an unseen companion with mass between 0.48 and 1 Msun. The jet mass loss rate Mloss was derived from the OI luminosity and is in the range 1E-8 and 1E-6 Msun/yr. This is the first direct Mloss measurement from a jet in a FUor. If we assume previous Macc estimates obtained through modelling of the accretion disk, the derived range of Mloss would imply a very low mass-ejection efficiency (Mloss/Macc < 0.02), which is lower than that typical of T Tauri stars.

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arXiv2016

The small-scale HH34 IRS jet as seen by X-shooter

Very little information has been so far gathered on atomic jets from young embedded low mass sources (class I stars), especially in the inner jet region. We exploit multiwave spectroscopic observations to infer physical conditions of the inner region of HH34 IRS, a prototypical class I jet. We use a deep X-shooter spectrum ( lambda = 350-2300 nm, R between 8000 and 18000) detecting lines with upper energies from 8000 to 31000 cm-1 . Statistical equilibrium and ionization models are adopted to derive the jet main physical parameters. We derive the physical conditions for the extended high velocity jet (HVC, V about -100 km/s) and for the low velocity and compact gas (LVC, V about -20-50 \kms). At the jet base (< 200 AU) the HVC is mostly neutral (x(e)< 0.1) and very dense (n(H) > 5x10^5 cm-3). The LVC gas has the same density and A_V as the HVC, but it is a factor of two colder. Iron abundance in the HVC is close to solar, while it is 3 times subsolar in the LVC, suggesting an origin of the LVC gas from a dusty disk. We infer a jet mass flux rate > 5x10^{-7} Mo/yr. We find that the relationships between accretion luminosity and line luminosity derived for T Tauri stars cannot be directly extended to class I sources surrounded by reflection nebulae since the permitted lines are seen through scattered light. An accretion rate of about 7\,10^{-6} Mo/yr is instead derived from an empirical relationship connecting the mass accretion rate with L([OI])(HVC). In conclusion, the HH34 IRS jet shares many properties with jets from active CTTs stars. It is however denser as a consequence of the larger mass flux rate. These findings suggest that the acceleration and excitation mechanisms in jets are not influenced by evolution and are similar in CTTs and in still embedded and highly accreting sources.

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arXiv2016

On the 2015 outburst of the EXor variable star V1118 Ori

After a long-lasting period of quiescence of about a decade, the source V1118 Ori, one of the most representative members of the EXor variables, is now outbursting. Since the initial increase of the near-infrared flux of about 1 mag (JHK bands) registered on 2015 September 22, the source brightness has remained fairly stable. We estimate DeltaV about 3 mag with respect to the quiescence phase. An optical/near-IR low-resolution spectrum has been obtained with the Large Binocular Telescope instruments MODS and LUCI2, and compared with a spectrum of similar spectral resolution and sensitivity level taken during quiescence. Together with the enhancement of the continuum, the outburst spectrum presents a definitely higher number of emission lines, in particular HI recombination lines of the Balmer, Paschen, and Brackett series, along with bright permitted lines of several species, forbidden atomic lines, and CO ro-vibrational lines. Both mass accretion and mass loss rates have significantly increased (by to about an order of magnitude, mass accretion rate = 1.2-4.8 10^-8 M_sun/yr, mass loss rate = 0.8-2 10^-9 M_sun/yr) with respect to the quiescence phase. If compared with previous outbursts, the present one appears less energetic. Alternatively, it could already be in the fading phase (with the maximum brightness level reached when the source was not visible), or, viceversa, still in the rising phase.

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arXiv2016

A new insight into the V1184 Tau variability

V1184 Tau is a young variable for long time monitored at optical wavelengths. Its variability has been ascribed to a sudden and repetitive increase of the circumstellar extinction (UXor-type variable), but the physical origin of such variation, although hypothesized, has not been fully supported on observational basis. To get a new insight into the variability of V1184 Tau, we present new photometric and spectroscopic observations taken in the period 2008-2015. During these years the source has reached the same high brightness level that had before the remarkable fading of about 5 mag undergone in 2004. The optical spectrum is the first obtained when the continuum is at its maximum level. The observations are interpreted in the framework of extinction driven variability. We analyze light curves, optical and near-infrared colors, SED and optical spectrum. The emerging picture indicates that the source fading is due to an extinction increase of DeltaA_V about 5 mag, associated with a strong infrared excess, attributable to a thermal component at T=1000 K. From the flux of H(alpha) we derive a mass accretion rate between 10^-11 -5 10^-10 M_sun yr^-1 s, consistent with that of classical T Tauri stars of similar mass. The source SED was fitted for both the high and low level of brightness. A scenario consistent with the known stellar properties (such as spectral type, mass and radius) is obtained only if the distance to the source is of few hundreds of parsecs, in contrast with the commonly assumed value of 1.5 kpc. Our analysis partially supports that presented by Grinin (2009), according to which the circumstellar disk undergoes a periodical puffing, whose observational effects are both to shield the central star and to evidence a disk wind activity. However, since the mass accretion rate remains almost constant with time, the source is likely not subject to accretion bursts.

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arXiv2015

Solving the excitation and chemical abundances in shocks: the case of HH1

We present deep spectroscopic (3600 - 24700 A) X-shooter observations of the bright Herbig-Haro object HH1, one of the best laboratories to study the chemical and physical modifications caused by protostellar shocks on the natal cloud. We observe atomic fine structure lines, HI, and He, recombination lines and H_2, ro-vibrational lines (more than 500 detections in total). Line emission was analyzed by means of Non Local Thermal Equilibiurm codes to derive the electron temperature and density, and, for the first time, we are able to accurately probe different physical regimes behind a dissociative shock. We find a temperature stratification in the range 4000 - 80000 K, and a significant correlation between temperature and ionization energy. Two density regimes are identified for the ionized gas, a more tenuous, spatially broad component (density about 10^3 cm^-3), and a more compact component (density > 10^5 cm^-3) likely associated with the hottest gas. A further neutral component is also evidenced, having temperature lass than 10000 K and density > 10^4 cm^-3. The gas fractional ionization was estimated solving the ionization equilibrium equations of atoms detected in different ionization stages. We find that neutral and fully ionized regions co-exist inside the shock. Also, indications in favor of at least partially dissociative shock as the main mechanism for molecular excitation are derived. Chemical abundances are estimated for the majority of the detected species. On average, abundances of non-refractory/refractory elements are lower than solar of about 0.15/0.5 dex. This testifies the presence of dust inside the medium, with a depletion factor of Iron of about 40%.

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arXiv2015

First X-ray dectection of the young variable V1180 Cas

V1180 Cas is a young variable that has shown strong photometric fluctuations (Delta_I~6mag) in the recent past, which have been attributed to events of enhanced accretion. The source has entered a new high-brightness state in Sept.2013, which we have previously analyzed through optical and near-IR spectroscopy. To investigate the current active phase of V1180 Cas, we performed observations with the Chandra satellite to study the X-ray emission from the object and its connection to accretion episodes. Chandra observations were performed in early Aug.2014. Complementary JHK photometry and J-band spectra were taken at our Campo Imperatore facility to relate the X-ray and near-IR emission from the target. We observe a peak of X-ray emission at the nominal position of V1180 Cas. This signal corresponds to an X-ray luminosity L_X(0.5-7 kev) in the range 0.8-2.2e30 erg/s. Based on the relatively short duration of the dim states in the light curve and on stellar luminosity considerations, we explored the possibility that the brightness minima of V1180 Cas are driven by extinction variations. From the analysis of the spectral energy distribution of the high state we infer a stellar luminosity of 0.8-0.9 Lsun and find that the derived L_X is comparable to the average X-ray luminosities of T Tauri stars. Moreover, the X-ray luminosity is lower than the X-ray emission levels of 5e30 -1e31 erg/s detected at outbursts in similar low-mass objects. Our analysis suggests that at least part of the photometric fluctuations of V1180 Cas might be extinction effects rather than the result of accretion excess emission. However, as the source displays spectral features indicative of active accretion, we speculate that its photometric variations might be the result of a combination of accretion-induced and extinction-driven effects, as suggested for other young variables, such as V1184 Tau and V2492 Cyg.

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arXiv2015

Disks, Jets and the dawn of planets, Proceedings of the 2nd JEDI meeting

This booklet contains a collection of contributions to the meeting of the JEts and Disks at INAF (JEDI) group, which took place at the Capodimonte Observatory during 9-10 April 2015. Scope of the meeting was to bring together the JEDI researchers of the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) working in the field of circumstellar disks and jets in young stars, to discuss together the different agents affecting the structure and the evolution of disks, namely accretion, jets and winds. More information on the JEDI group and its activities can be found at \texttt{http://www.oa-roma.inaf.it/irgroup/JEDI}.

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arXiv2015

A long-lasting quiescence phase of the eruptive variable V1118 Ori

V1118 Ori is an eruptive variable belonging to the EXor class of Pre-Main Sequence stars whose episodic outbursts are attributed to disk accretion events. Since 2006, V1118 Ori is in the longest quiescence stage ever observed between two subsequent outbursts of its recent history. We present near-infrared photometry of V1118 Ori carried out during the last eight years, along with a complete spectroscopic coverage from 0.35 to 2.5 um. A longterm sampling of V1118 Ori in quiescence has never been done, hence we can benefit from the current circumstance to determine the lowest values (i.e. the zeroes) of the parameters to be used as a reference for evaluating the physical changes typical of more active phases. A quiescence mass accretion rate between 1--3 $\times$ 10$^{-9}$ M$_{\sun}$ yr$^{-1}$ can be derived and the difference with previous determinations is discussed. From line emission and IR colors analysis a visual extinction of 1-2 mag is consistently derived, confirming that V1118 Ori (at least in quiescence) is a low-extinction T Tauri star with a bolometric luminosity of about 2.1 L$_{\sun}$. An anti-correlation exists between the equivalent width of the emission lines and the underlying continuum. We searched the literature for evaluating whether or not such a behaviour is a common feature of the whole class. The anti-correlation is clearly recognizable for all the available EXors in the optical range (H$β$ and H$α$ lines), while it is not as much evident in the infrared (Pa$β$ and Br$γ$ lines). The observed anti-correlation supports the accretion-driven mechanism as the most likely to account for continuum variations.

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arXiv2015

[OI]63micron jets in class 0 sources detected by Herschel

We present Herschel PACS mapping observations of the [OI]63 micron line towards protostellar outflows in the L1448, NGC1333-IRAS4, HH46, BHR71 and VLA1623 star forming regions. We detect emission spatially resolved along the outflow direction, which can be associated with a low excitation atomic jet. In the L1448-C, HH46 IRS and BHR71 IRS1 outflows this emission is kinematically resolved into blue- and red-shifted jet lobes, having radial velocities up to 200 km/s. In the L1448-C atomic jet the velocity increases with the distance from the protostar, similarly to what observed in the SiO jet associated with this source. This suggests that [OI] and molecular gas are kinematically connected and that this latter could represent the colder cocoon of a jet at higher excitation. Mass flux rates (M$_{jet}$(OI)) have been measured from the [OI]63micron luminosity adopting two independent methods. We find values in the range 1-4 10$^{-7}$ Mo/yr for all sources but HH46, for which an order of magnitude higher value is estimated. M$_{jet}$(OI) are compared with mass accretion rates (M$_{acc}$) onto the protostar and with M$_{jet}$ derived from ground-based CO observations. M$_{jet}$(OI)/M$_{acc}$ ratios are in the range 0.05-0.5, similar to the values for more evolved sources. M$_{jet}$(OI) in HH46 IRS and IRAS4A are comparable to M$_{jet}$(CO), while those of the remaining sources are significantly lower than the corresponding M$_{jet}$(CO). We speculate that for these three sources most of the mass flux is carried out by a molecular jet, while the warm atomic gas does not significantly contribute to the dynamics of the system.

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arXiv2014

Empirical determination of Einstein A-coefficient ratios of bright [Fe II] lines

The Einstein spontaneous rates (A-coefficients) of Fe^+ lines have been computed by several authors, with results that differ from each other up to 40%. Consequently, models for line emissivities suffer from uncertainties which in turn affect the determination of the physical conditions at the base of line excitation. We provide an empirical determination of the A-coefficient ratios of bright [Fe II] lines, which would represent both a valid benchmark for theoretical computations and a reference for the physical interpretation of the observed lines. With the ESO-VLT X-shooter instrument between 3,000 A, and 24,700 A, we obtained a spectrum of the bright Herbig-Haro object HH1. We detect around 100 [Fe II] lines, some of which with a signal-to-noise ratio > 100. Among these latter, we selected those emitted by the same level, whose de-reddened intensity ratio is a direct function of the Einstein A-coefficient ratios. From the same X-shooter spectrum, we got an accurate estimate of the extinction toward HH1 through intensity ratios of atomic species, HI, recombination lines and H_2 ro-vibrational transitions. We provide seven reliable A-ooefficient ratios between bright [Fe II] lines, which are compared with the literature determinations. In particular, the A-coefficient ratios involving the brightest near-infrared lines (12570A/16440A and 13209A/16440A) are better in agreement with the predictions by Quinet et al. (1996) Relativistic Hartree-Fock model. However, none of the theoretical models predicts A-coefficient ratios in agreement with all our determinations. We also show that literature data of near-infrared intensity ratios better agree with our determinations than with theoretical expectations.

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arXiv2014

POISSON project - III - Investigating the evolution of the mass accretion rate

As part of the POISSON project (Protostellar Optical-Infrared Spectral Survey on NTT), we present the results of the analysis of low-resolution NIR spectra 0.9-2.4 um) of two samples of YSOs in Lupus and Serpens (52 and 17 objects), with masses 0.1-2.0 Msun and ages from 10^5 to a few 10^7 yr. After determining the accretion parameters of the Lup and Ser targets by analysing their HI near-IR emission features, we added the results to those from previous regions (investigated in POISSON with the same methodology). We obtained a final catalogue (143 objects) of mass accretion rates (Macc) derived in a homogeneous fashion and analysed how Macc correlates with M* and how it evolves in time. We derived the accretion luminosity (Lacc) and Macc for Lup and Ser objects from the Br_gamma line by using relevant empirical relationships from the literature that connect HI line luminosity and Lacc. To minimise the biases and also for self-consistency, we re-derived mass and age for each source using the same set of evolutionary tracks. We observe a correlation MaccM*^2.2, similarly to what has previously been observed in several star-forming clouds. The time variation of Macc is roughly consistent with the expected evolution in viscous disks, with an asymptotic decay that behaves as t^-1.6. However, Macc values are characterised by a large scatter at similar ages and are on average higher than the predictions of viscous models. Although part of the scattering may be related to the employed empirical relationship and to uncertainties on the single measurements, the general distribution and decay trend of the Macc points are real. These findings might be indicative of a large variation in the initial mass of the disks, of fairly different viscous laws among disks, of varying accretion regimes, and of other mechanisms that add to the dissipation of the disks, such as photo-evaporation.

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arXiv2014

First spectrally-resolved H$_2$ observations towards HH 54 / Low H$_2$O abundance in shocks

Context: Herschel observations suggest that the H$_2$O distribution in outflows from low-mass stars resembles the H$_2$ emission. It is still unclear which of the different excitation components that characterise the mid- and near-IR H$_2$ distribution is associated with H$_2$O. Aim: The aim is to spectrally resolve the different excitation components observed in the H$_2$ emission. This will allow us to identify the H$_2$ counterpart associated with H$_2$O and finally derive directly an H$_2$O abundance estimate with respect to H$_2$. Methods: We present new high spectral resolution observations of H$_2$ 0-0 S(4), 0-0 S(9), and 1-0 S(1) towards HH 54, a bright nearby shock region in the southern sky. In addition, new Herschel-HIFI H$_2$O (2$_{12}$$-$1$_{01}$) observations at 1670~GHz are presented. Results: Our observations show for the first time a clear separation in velocity of the different H$_2$ lines: the 0-0 S(4) line at the lowest excitation peaks at $-$7~km~s$^{-1}$, while the more excited 0-0 S(9) and 1-0 S(1) lines peak at $-$15~km~s$^{-1}$. H$_2$O and high-$J$ CO appear to be associated with the H$_2$ 0-0 S(4) emission, which traces a gas component with a temperature of 700$-$1000 K. The H$_2$O abundance with respect to H$_2$ 0-0 S(4) is estimated to be $X$(H$_2$O)$<$1.4$\times$10$^{-5}$ in the shocked gas over an area of 13$^{\prime\prime}$. Conclusions: We resolve two distinct gas components associated with the HH 54 shock region at different velocities and excitations. This allows us to constrain the temperature of the H$_2$O emitting gas ($\leq$1000 K) and to derive correct estimates of H$_2$O abundance in the shocked gas, which is lower than what is expected from shock model predictions.

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arXiv2014

Accretion-ejection connection in the young brown dwarf candidate ISO-Cha1 217

As the number of observed brown dwarf outflows is growing it is important to investigate how these outflows compare to the well studied jets from young stellar objects. A key point of comparison is the relationship between outflow and accretion activity and in particular the ratio between the mass outflow and accretion rates ($\dot{M}_{out}$/$\dot{M}_{acc}$). The brown dwarf candidate ISO-ChaI 217 was discovered by our group, as part of a spectro-astrometric study of brown dwarfs, to be driving an asymmetric outflow with the blue-shifted lobe having a position angle of $\sim$ 20$^{\circ}$. The aim here is to further investigate the properties of ISO-ChaI 217, the morphology and kinematics of its outflow, and to better constrain ($\dot{M}_{out}$/$\dot{M}_{acc}$). The outflow is spatially resolved in the $[SII]λλ6716,6731$ lines and is detected out to $\sim$ 1\farcs6 in the blue-shifted lobe and ~ 1" in the red-shifted lobe. The asymmetry between the two lobes is confirmed although the velocity asymmetry is less pronounced with respect to our previous study. Using thirteen different accretion tracers we measure log($\dot{M}_{acc}$) [M$_{sun}$/yr]= -10.6 $\pm$ 0.4. As it was not possible to measure the effect of extinction on the ISO-ChaI 217 outflow $\dot{M}_{out}$ was derived for a range of values of A$_{v}$, up to a value of A$_{v}$ = 2.5 mag estimated for the source extinction. The logarithm of the mass outflow ($\dot{M}_{out}$) was estimated in the range -11.7 to -11.1 for both jets combined. Thus $\dot{M}_{out}$/$\dot{M}_{acc}$ [\Msun/yr] lies below the maximum value predicted by magneto-centrifugal jet launching models. Finally, both model fitting of the Balmer decrements and spectro-astrometric analysis of the H$α$ line show that the bulk of the H I emission comes from the accretion flow.

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arXiv2014

Water distribution in shocked regions of the NGC1333-IRAS4A protostellar outflow

We present the study of the H2O spatial distribution at two bright shocked regions along IRAS4A, one of the strongest H2O emitters among the Class 0 outflows. We obtained Herschel-PACS maps of the IRAS4A outflow and HIFI observations of two shocked positions. The largest HIFI beam of 38 arcsec at 557 GHz was mapped in several key water lines with different upper energy levels, to reveal possible spatial variations of the line profiles. We detect four H2O lines and CO (16-15) at the two selected positions. In addition, transitions from related outflow and envelope tracers are detected. Different gas components associated with the shock are identified in the H2O emission. In particular, at the head of the red lobe of the outflow, two distinct gas components with different excitation conditions are distinguished in the HIFI emission maps: a compact component, detected in the ground-state water lines, and a more extended one. Assuming that these two components correspond to two different temperature components observed in previous H2O and CO studies, the excitation analysis of the H2O emission suggests that the compact (about 3 arcsec) component is associated with a hot (T~1000 K) gas with densities ~(1-4)x10^5 cm^{-3}, whereas the extended one (10-17 arcsec) traces a warm (T~300-500 K) and dense gas (~(3-5)x10^7 cm^{-3}). Finally, using the CO (16-15) emission observed at R2, we estimate the H2O/H2 abundance of the warm and hot components to be (7-10)x10^{-7} and (3-7)x10^{-5}. Our data allowed us, for the first time, to resolve spatially the two temperature components previously observed with HIFI and PACS. We propose that the compact hot component may be associated with the jet that impacts the surrounding material, whereas the warm, dense, and extended component originates from the compression of the ambient gas by the propagating flow.

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