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S. Choudhury

Publications and source records attributed to S. Choudhury.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

Search for $CP$ violation in $D^{+}_{(s)}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{0}_{S}h^{+}h^{-}$ $(h=K,π)$ decays and observation of the Cabibbo-suppressed decay $D^{+}_{s}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}$

We search for $CP$ violation by measuring a $T$-odd asymmetry in the Cabibbo-suppressed $D^{+}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}π^{-} $ decay, and in the Cabibbo-favored $D^{+}_{s}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}π^{-}$ and $D^{+}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}$ decays. We use 980 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ of data collected by the Belle detector running at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider. The $C\!P$-violating $T$-odd parameter ${a}^{T\text{-}\rm{odd}}_{CP}$ is measured to be ${a}^{T\text{-}\rm{odd}}_{CP}(D^{+}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}π^{-})=(0.34\pm0.87\pm0.32)\%,$ ${a}^{T\text{-}\rm{odd}}_{CP}(D^{+}_{s}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}π^{-})=(-0.46\pm0.63\pm0.38)\%,$ and ${a}^{T\text{-}\rm{odd}}_{CP}(D^{+}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}K^{0}_{S}π^{+})=(-3.34\pm2.66\pm0.35)\%,$ where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. We also report the first observation of the Cabibbo-suppressed decay $D^{+}_{s}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}$. The branching fraction is measured relative to that of the analogous Cabibbo-favored decay : $B(D^{+}_{s}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}) / B(D^{+}_{s}\rightarrow K^{+}K^{0}_{S}π^{+}π^{-}) = (1.36\pm 0.15\pm 0.04)\%$.

hep-ex↗

Hyperon polarization along the beam direction relative to the second and third harmonic event planes in isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

The polarization of $Λ$ and $\barΛ$ hyperons along the beam direction has been measured relative to the second and third harmonic event planes in isobar Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. This is the first experimental evidence of the hyperon polarization by the triangular flow originating from the initial density fluctuations. The amplitudes of the sine modulation for the second and third harmonic results are comparable in magnitude, increase from central to peripheral collisions, and show a mild $p_T$ dependence. The azimuthal angle dependence of the polarization follows the vorticity pattern expected due to elliptic and triangular anisotropic flow, and qualitatively disagree with most hydrodynamic model calculations based on thermal vorticity and shear induced contributions. The model results based on one of existing implementations of the shear contribution lead to a correct azimuthal angle dependence, but predict centrality and $p_T$ dependence that still disagree with experimental measurements. Thus, our results provide stringent constraints on the thermal vorticity and shear-induced contributions to hyperon polarization. Comparison to previous measurements at RHIC and the LHC for the second-order harmonic results shows little dependence on the collision system size and collision energy.

nucl-ex↗

Tests of light-lepton universality in angular asymmetries of $B^0 \to D^{*-} \ell ν$ decays

We present the first comprehensive tests of light-lepton universality in the angular distributions of semileptonic $B^0$-meson decays to charged spin-1 charmed mesons. We measure five angular-asymmetry observables as functions of the decay recoil that are sensitive to lepton-universality-violating contributions. We use events where one neutral $B$ is fully reconstructed in $Υ\left(4S\right)\to{}B \overline{B}$ decays in data corresponding to $189~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ integrated luminosity from electron-positron collisions collected with the Belle II detector. We find no significant deviation from the standard model expectations.

hep-ex↗

Measurement of Angular Coefficients of $\bar{B} \to D^* \ell \barν_\ell$: Implications for $|V_{cb}|$ and Tests of Lepton Flavor Universality

We measure the complete set of angular coefficients $J_i$ for exclusive $\bar{B} \to D^* \ell \barν_\ell$ decays ($\ell = e, μ$). Our analysis uses the full $711\,\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ Belle data set with hadronic tag-side reconstruction. The results allow us to extract the form factors describing the $B \to D^*$ transition and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $|V_{\rm cb}|$. Using recent lattice QCD calculations for the hadronic form factors, we find $|V_{\rm cb}| = (41.0 \pm 0.7) \times 10^3 $ using the BGL parameterization, compatible with determinations from inclusive semileptonic decays. We search for lepton flavor universality violation as a function of the hadronic recoil parameter $w$, and investigate the differences of the electron and muon angular distributions. We find no deviation from Standard Model expectations.

hep-ex↗

Measurement of $CP$ asymmetries in $B^0\to ϕK^0_S$ decays with Belle II

We present a measurement of time-dependent rate asymmetries in $B^0\to ϕK^0_S$ decays to search for non-standard-model physics in $b\to q \overline{q}s$ transitions. The data sample is collected with the Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider in 2019-2022 and contains $(387\pm 6)\times 10^6$ bottom-antibottom mesons from $Υ(4S)$ resonance decays. We reconstruct $162\pm17$ signal events and extract the charge-parity ($CP$) violating parameters from a fit to the distribution of the proper-decay-time difference of the two $B$ mesons. The measured direct and mixing-induced $CP$ asymmetries are $A=0.31\pm0.20\pm0.05$ and $S=0.54\pm0.26^{+0.06}_{-0.08}$, respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. The results are compatible with the $CP$ asymmetries observed in $b\to c\overline{c} s$ transitions.

hep-ex↗

Measurement of $C\!P$ asymmetries and branching-fraction ratios for $B^\pm \to DK^\pm$ and $Dπ^\pm$ with $D\to K^0_{\rm S} K^\pmπ^\mp$ using Belle and Belle II data

We measure $C\!P$ asymmetries and branching-fraction ratios for $B^\pm \to DK^\pm$ and $Dπ^\pm$ decays with $D\to K^0_{\rm S} K^\pmπ^\mp$, where $D$ is a superposition of $D^0$ and $\bar{D}^0$. We use the full data set of the Belle experiment, containing $772\times 10^6~B\bar{B}$ pairs, and data from the Belle~II experiment, containing $387\times 10^6~B\bar{B}$ pairs, both collected in electron-positron collisions at the $Υ(4S)$ resonance. Our results provide model-independent information on the unitarity triangle angle $ϕ_3$.

hep-ex↗

Search for a $τ^+τ^-$ resonance in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow μ^{+}μ^{-} τ^+τ^-$ events with the Belle II experiment

We report the first search for a non-standard-model resonance decaying into $τ$ pairs in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow μ^{+}μ^{-} τ^+τ^-$ events in the 3.6-10 GeV/$c^{2}$ mass range. We use a 62.8 fb$^{-1}$ sample of $e^+e^-$ collisions collected at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV by the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider. The analysis probes three different models predicting a spin-1 particle coupling only to the heavier lepton families, a Higgs-like spin-0 particle that couples preferentially to charged leptons (leptophilic scalar), and an axion-like particle, respectively. We observe no evidence for a signal and set exclusion limits at 90% confidence level on the product of cross section and branching fraction into $τ$ pairs, ranging from 0.7 fb to 24 fb, and on the couplings of these processes. We obtain world-leading constraints on the couplings for the leptophilic scalar model for masses above 6.5 GeV/$c^2$ and for the axion-like particle model over the entire mass range.

hep-ex↗

Energy Dependence of Intermittency for Charged Hadrons in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

Density fluctuations near the QCD critical point can be probed via an intermittency analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We report the first measurement of intermittency in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV measured by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The scaled factorial moments of identified charged hadrons are analyzed at mid-rapidity and within the transverse momentum phase space. We observe a power-law behavior of scaled factorial moments in Au$+$Au collisions and a decrease in the extracted scaling exponent ($ν$) from peripheral to central collisions. The $ν$ is consistent with a constant for different collisions energies in the mid-central (10-40\%) collisions. Moreover, the $ν$ in the 0-5\% most central Au$+$Au collisions exhibits a non-monotonic energy dependence that reaches a possible minimum around $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV. The physics implications on the QCD phase structure are discussed.

nucl-ex↗

Search for $B{}^0_s \rightarrow \ell^{\mp} τ^{\pm}$ with the Semi-leptonic Tagging Method at Belle

We present a search for the lepton-flavor-violating decays $B{}^0_s \rightarrow \ell^{\mp}τ^{\pm}$, where $\ell = e, μ$, using the full data sample of $121~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected at the $Υ(5S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^+e^-$ collider. We use $B{}^0_s \overline{B}{}^0_s$ events in which one $B{}^0_s$ meson is reconstructed in a semileptonic decay mode and the other in the signal mode. We find no evidence for $B{}^0_s \rightarrow \ell^{\mp}τ^{\pm}$ decays and set upper limits on their branching fractions at $90\%$ confidence level as $\mathcal{B}(B{}^0_s \rightarrow e^{\mp}τ^{\pm}) < 14 \times 10^{-4}$ and $\mathcal{B}(B{}^0_s \rightarrow μ^{\mp}τ^{\pm}) < 7.3 \times 10^{-4}$. Our result represents the first upper limit on the $B{}^0_s \rightarrow e^{\mp}τ^{\pm}$ decay rate.

hep-ex↗

Observation of charmed strange meson pair production in $Υ(2S)$ decays and in $e^{+}e^{-}$ annihilation at $\sqrt{s} = 10.52~ \rm{GeV}$

We observe the process $Υ(2S)\to D_s^{(*)+} D_{sJ}^{-}$ and continuum production $e^+e^- \to D_s^{(*)+} D_{sJ}^- $ at $\sqrt{s} = 10.52$ GeV (and their charge conjugates) using the data samples collected by the Belle detector at KEKB, where $D_{sJ}^-$ is $D_{s1}(2536)^-$ or $D^{*}_{s2}(2573)^-$. Both $D_{sJ}^-$ states are identified through their decay into $\bar{K}\bar{D}^{(*)}$. We measure the products of branching fractions ${\cal B}(Υ(2S) \to D_{s}^{(*)+} D_{sJ}^-) {\cal B}(D_{sJ}^-\to \bar{K} \bar{D}^{(*)})$ and the Born cross sections $σ^{\rm Born}(e^+e^- \to D_{s}^{(*)+} D_{sJ}^-) {\cal B}(D_{sJ}^-\to \bar{K} \bar{D}^{(*)})$, and then compare the ratios $R_1 \equiv {\cal B}(Υ(2S)\to D_{s}^{(*)+} D_{sJ}^-)/{\cal B}(Υ(2S)\toμ^{+}μ^-)$ for $Υ(2S)$ decays and $R_2 \equiv σ^{\rm Born}(e^+e^-\to D_{s}^{(*)+}D_{sJ}^-)/σ^{\rm Born}(e^+e^-\to μ^{+}μ^-)$ for continuum production. We obtain $R_1/R_2 = 9.7\pm 2.3 \pm 1.1$, $6.8 \pm 2.1 \pm 0.8$, $10.2 \pm 3.3 \pm 2.5$, and $3.4 \pm 2.1 \pm 0.5$ for the $D_s^+ D_{s1}(2536)^-$, $D_s^{*+} D_{s1}(2536)^-$, $D_s^+ D_{s2}^{*}(2573)^{-}$, and $D_s^{*+} D_{s2}^{*}(2573)^{-}$ final states in the $D_{sJ}^-\to K^{-} \bar{D}^{(*)0}$ modes, respectively. Therefore, the strong decay is expected to dominate in the $Υ(2S)\to D_{s}^{(*)+}D_{sJ}^-$ processes. We also measure the ratios of branching fractions ${\cal B}(D_{s1}(2536)^-\to K_S^0 D^{*}(2010)^{-})/{\cal B}(D_{s1}(2536)^-\to K^{-} D^{*}(2007)^0) = 0.48 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.02$ and ${\cal B}(D_{s2}^{*}(2573)^- \to K_S^0 D^-)/{\cal B}(D_{s2}^{*}(2573)^- \to K^{-}D^0) = 0.49 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.02$, which are consistent with isospin symmetry. The second ratio is the first measurement of this quantity. Here, the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.

hep-ex↗

Measurement of the $e^+e^- \to B_s^0 \bar{B}_s^0 X$ cross section in the energy range from $10.63$ to $11.02$ GeV using inclusive $D_s^{\pm}$ and $D^0$ production

We report the first measurement of the inclusive $e^+e^- \to b\bar{b} \to D_s^{\pm}X$ and $e^+e^- \to b\bar{b} \to D^0/\bar{D}^0X$ cross sections in the energy range from $10.63$ to $11.02$. Based on these results, we determine $σ(e^+ e^- \to B_s^0 \bar{B}_s^0 X)$ and $σ(e^+ e^- \to B\bar{B}X)$ in the same energy range. We measure the fraction of $B_s^0$ events at $Υ(10860)$ to be $f_{\rm s}=(22.0^{+2.0}_{-2.1})\%$. We determine also the ratio of the $B_s^0$ inclusive branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(B_s^0 \to D^0/\bar{D}^0X)/\mathcal{B}(B_s^0 \to D_s^{\pm} X)=0.416 \pm 0.018 \pm 0.092$. The results are obtained using the data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^+e^-$ collider.

hep-ex↗

Evidence for $B^0 \to p\barΣ^0π^-$ at Belle

We search for the $B^0\to p\barΣ^0π^-$ decay with $\barΣ^0 \to \barΛγ$, where the $γ$ is not measured, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 711 $\rm{fb^{-1}}$ which contains 772 $\times$ $10^{6}$ $B\bar{B}$ pairs, collected around the $Υ$(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider. We measure for the first time the $B^0\to p\barΣ^0π^-$ branching fraction to be $\mathcal{B}(B^0 \to p \barΣ^0 π^-) = (1.17^{+0.43}_{-0.40}(\text{stat})\pm 0.07(\text{syst})) \times 10^{-6}$ with a significance of $3.0σ$. We simultaneously measure the branching fraction for the related channel $B^{0}\to p\barΛπ^{-}$ with much improved precision.

hep-ex↗

First Simultaneous Determination of Inclusive and Exclusive $\left|V_{ub}\right|$

The first simultaneous determination of the absolute value of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element $V_{ub}$ using inclusive and exclusive decays is performed with the full Belle data set at the $Υ(4S)$ resonance, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 711 fb${}^{-1}$. We analyze collision events in which one $B$ meson is fully reconstructed in hadronic modes. This allows for the reconstruction of the hadronic $X_u$ system of the semileptonic $b \to u \ell \bar ν_\ell$ decay. We separate exclusive $B \to π\, \ell\, \bar ν_{\ell}$ decays from other inclusive $B \to X_u \, \ell\, \bar ν_{\ell}$ and backgrounds with a two-dimensional fit, that utilizes the number of charged pions in the $X_u$ system and the four-momentum transfer $q^2$ between the $B$ and $X_u$ system. Combining our measurement with information from lattice QCD and QCD calculations of the inclusive partial rate as well as external experimental information on the shape of the $B \to π\, \ell\, \bar ν_{\ell}$ form factor, we determine $\left|V_{ub}^{\mathrm{excl.}} \right| = (3.78 \pm 0.23 \pm 0.16 \pm 0.14)\times 10^{-3}$ and $\left|V_{ub}^{\mathrm{incl.}} \right| = (3.88 \pm 0.20 \pm 0.31 \pm 0.09)\times 10^{-3}$, respectively, with the uncertainties being the statistical error, systematic errors, and theory errors. The ratio of $\left|V_{ub}^{\mathrm{excl.}} \right| / \left|V_{ub}^{\mathrm{incl.}} \right| = 0.97 \pm 0.12$ is compatible with unity.

hep-ex↗

Measurement of branching-fraction ratios and $CP$ asymmetries in $B^{\pm} \to D_{CP\pm}K^{\pm}$ decays at Belle and Belle II

We report results from a study of $B^\pm \rightarrow DK^\pm$ decays followed by $D$ decaying to $CP$~eigenstates, where $D$ indicates a $D^0$ or $\bar{D}^{0}$ meson. These decays are sensitive to the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity-triangle angle $ϕ_{3}$. The results are based on a combined analysis of the final data set of $772 \times 10^6~B\bar{B}$ pairs collected by the Belle experiment and a data set of $198 \times 10^6~B\bar{B}$ pairs collected by the Belle~II experiment, both in electron-positron collisions at the $Υ(4S)$ resonance. We measure the $CP$ asymmetries to be $\mathcal{ A}_{CP +} =~(+12.5 \pm 5.8 \pm 1.4)\% $ and $\mathcal{ A}_{CP -} =~(-16.7 \pm 5.7 \pm 0.6)\%$, and the ratios of branching fractions to be $\mathcal{ R}_{CP+}=~1.164 \pm 0.081 \pm 0.036 $ and $\mathcal{ R}_{CP-} =~1.151 \pm 0.074 \pm 0.019$. The first contribution to the uncertainties is statistical, and the second is systematic. The asymmetries $\mathcal{A}_{CP +}$ and $\mathcal{A}_{CP -}$ have similar magnitudes and opposite signs; their difference corresponds to 3.5~standard deviations. From these values we calculate 68.3\% confidence intervals of ($8.5^{\circ}<ϕ_{3}<16.5^{\circ}$) or ($84.5^{\circ}<ϕ_{3}<95.5^{\circ}$) or ($163.3^{\circ}<ϕ_{3}<171.5^{\circ}$) and $0.321<r_{B}<0.465$.

hep-ex↗

Search for the double-charmonium state with $η_c J/ψ$ at Belle

We measure the cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrowη_c J/ψ$ at the $Υ(nS) (n=1$ -- $5)$ on-resonance and 10.52 GeV off-resonance energy points using the full data sample collected by the Belle detector with an integrated luminosity of $955~\rm fb^{-1}$. We also search for double charmonium production in $e^+e^-\rightarrowη_c J/ψ$ via initial state radiation near the $η_c J/ψ$ threshold. No evident signal of the double charmonium state is found, but evidence for the $e^+e^-\rightarrowη_c J/ψ$ process is found with a statistical significance greater than $3.3σ$ near the $η_c J/ψ$ threshold. The average cross section near the threshold is measured and upper limits of cross sections are set for other regions.

hep-ex↗

Elliptic Flow of Heavy-Flavor Decay Electrons in Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 27 and 54.4 GeV at RHIC

We report on new measurements of elliptic flow ($v_2$) of electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays at mid-rapidity ($|y|<0.8$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 27 and 54.4 GeV from the STAR experiment. Heavy-flavor decay electrons ($e^{\rm HF}$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV exhibit a non-zero $v_2$ in the transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) region of $p_{\rm T}<$ 2 GeV/$c$ with the magnitude comparable to that at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=200$ GeV. The measured $e^{\rm HF}$ $v_2$ at 54.4 GeV is also consistent with the expectation of their parent charm hadron $v_2$ following number-of-constituent-quark scaling as other light and strange flavor hadrons at this energy. These suggest that charm quarks gain significant collectivity through the evolution of the QCD medium and may reach local thermal equilibrium in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=54.4$ GeV. The measured $e^{\rm HF}$ $v_2$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=$ 27 GeV is consistent with zero within large uncertainties. The energy dependence of $v_2$ for different flavor particles ($π,ϕ,D^{0}/e^{\rm HF}$) shows an indication of quark mass hierarchy in reaching thermalization in high-energy nuclear collisions.

nucl-ex↗

Flow of gas detected from beyond the filaments to protostellar scales in Barnard 5

The infall of gas from outside natal cores has proven to feed protostars after the main accretion phase (Class 0). This changes our view of star formation to a picture that includes asymmetric accretion (streamers), and a larger role of the environment. However, the connection between streamers and the filaments that prevail in star-forming regions is unknown. We investigate the flow of material toward the filaments within Barnard 5 (B5) and the infall from the envelope to the protostellar disk of the embedded protostar B5-IRS1. Our goal is to follow the flow of material from the larger, dense core scale, to the protostellar disk scale. We present new HC$_3$N line data from the NOEMA and 30m telescopes covering the coherence zone of B5, together with ALMA H$_2$CO and C$^{18}$O maps toward the protostellar envelope. We fit multiple Gaussian components to the lines so as to decompose their individual physical components. We investigate the HC$_3$N velocity gradients to determine the direction of chemically-fresh gas flow. At envelope scales, we use a clustering algorithm to disentangle the different kinematic components within H$_2$CO emission. At dense core scales, HC$_3$N traces the infall from the B5 region toward the filaments. HC$_3$N velocity gradients are consistent with accretion toward the filament spines plus flow along them. We found a $\sim2800$ au streamer in H$_2$CO emission which is blueshifted with respect to the protostar and deposits gas at outer disk scales. The strongest velocity gradients at large scales curve toward the position of the streamer at small scales, suggesting a connection between both flows. Our analysis suggests that the gas can flow from the dense core to the protostar. This implies that the mass available for a protostar is not limited to its envelope, and can receiving chemically-unprocessed gas after the main accretion phase.

astro-ph.GA↗

Event-by-event correlations between $Λ$ ($\barΛ$) hyperon global polarization and handedness with charged hadron azimuthal separation in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}} = 27 \text{ GeV}$ from STAR

Global polarizations ($P$) of $Λ$ ($\barΛ$) hyperons have been observed in non-central heavy-ion collisions. The strong magnetic field primarily created by the spectator protons in such collisions would split the $Λ$ and $\barΛ$ global polarizations ($ΔP = P_Λ - P_{\barΛ} < 0$). Additionally, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts topological charge fluctuations in vacuum, resulting in a chirality imbalance or parity violation in a local domain. This would give rise to an imbalance ($Δn = \frac{N_{\text{L}} - N_{\text{R}}}{\langle N_{\text{L}} + N_{\text{R}} \rangle} \neq 0$) between left- and right-handed $Λ$ ($\barΛ$) as well as a charge separation along the magnetic field, referred to as the chiral magnetic effect (CME). This charge separation can be characterized by the parity-even azimuthal correlator ($Δγ$) and parity-odd azimuthal harmonic observable ($Δa_{1}$). Measurements of $ΔP$, $Δγ$, and $Δa_{1}$ have not led to definitive conclusions concerning the CME or the magnetic field, and $Δn$ has not been measured previously. Correlations among these observables may reveal new insights. This paper reports measurements of correlation between $Δn$ and $Δa_{1}$, which is sensitive to chirality fluctuations, and correlation between $ΔP$ and $Δγ$ sensitive to magnetic field in Au+Au collisions at 27 GeV. For both measurements, no correlations have been observed beyond statistical fluctuations.

nucl-ex↗