arXiv subjects

S. D. Bale

Publications and source records attributed to S. D. Bale.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

Flux rope merging and the structure of switchbacks in the solar wind

A major discovery of Parker Solar Probe (PSP) was the presence of large numbers of localized increases in the radial solar wind speed and associated sharp deflections of the magnetic field - switchbacks (SB). A possible generation mechanism of SBs is through magnetic reconnection between open and closed magnetic flux near the solar surface, termed interchange reconnection that leads to the ejection of flux ropes (FR) into the solar wind. Observations also suggest that SBs undergo merging, consistent with a FR picture of these structures. The role of FRs merging in controlling the structure of SB in the solar wind is explored through direct observations, through analytic analysis, and numerical simulations. Analytic analysis reveals key features of the structure of FR and their scaling with the heliocentric distance R that are consistent with observations and that reveal the critical role of merging in controlling the SB structure. FR merging is shown to be energetically favorable to reduce the strength of the wrapping magnetic field and drive the observed elongation of SBs. A further consequence is the resulting dominance of the axial magnetic field within SBs that leads to the characteristic sharp rotation of the magnetic field into the axial direction at the SB boundary that is revealed in observations. Finally, the radial scaling of the SB area in the FR model of SBs suggests that the observational probability of SB identification should be insensitive to R, which is consistent with the most recent statistical analysis of SB observations from PSP.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Suprathermal Ion Energy spectra and Anisotropies near the Heliospheric Current Sheet crossing observed by the Parker Solar Probe during Encounter 7

We present observations of >10-100 keV/nucleon suprathermal (ST) H, He, O, and Fe ions associated with crossings of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) at radial distances <0.1 au from the Sun. Our key findings are: 1) very few heavy ions are detected during the 1st full crossing, the heavy ion intensities are reduced during the 2nd partial crossing and peak just after the 2nd crossing; 2) ion arrival times exhibit no velocity dispersion; 3) He pitch-angle distributions track the magnetic field polarity reversal and show up to ~10:1 anti-sunward, field-aligned flows and beams closer to the HCS that become nearly isotropic further from the HCS; 4) the He spectrum steepens either side of the HCS and the He, O, and Fe spectra exhibit power-laws of the form ~E^4-6; and 5) maximum energies EX increase with the ion's charge-to-mass (Q/M) ratio as EX/EH proportional to [(QX/MX)]^alpha where alpha~0.65-0.76, assuming that the average Q-states are similar to those measured in gradual and impulsive solar energetic particle events at 1 au. The absence of velocity dispersion in combination with strong field-aligned anisotropies closer to the HCS appears to rule out solar flares and near-sun coronal mass ejection-driven shocks. These new observations present challenges not only for mechanisms that employ direct parallel electric fields and organize maximum energies according to E/Q, but also for local diffusive and magnetic reconnection-driven acceleration models. Re-evaluation of our current understanding of the production and transport of energetic ions is necessary to understand this near-solar, current-sheet-associated population of ST ions.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Strong perpendicular velocity-space in proton beams observed by Parker Solar Probe

The SWEAP instrument suite on Parker Solar Probe (PSP) has detected numerous proton beams associated with coherent, circularly polarized, ion-scale waves observed by PSP's FIELDS instrument suite. Measurements during PSP Encounters 4-8 revealed pronounced complex shapes in the proton velocity distribution functions (VDFs), in which the tip of the beam undergoes strong perpendicular diffusion, resulting in VDF level contours that resemble a `hammerhead.' We refer to these proton beams, with their attendant `hammerhead' features, as the ion strahl. We present an example of these observations occurring simultaneously with a 7-hour ion-scale wave storm and show results from a preliminary attempt at quantifying the occurrence of ion-strahl broadening through 3-component ion-VDF fitting. We also provide a possible explanation of the ion perpendicular scattering based on quasilinear theory and the resonant scattering of beam ions by parallel-propagating, right circularly polarized, fast-magnetosonic/whistler waves.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Whistler waves observed by Solar Orbiter / RPW between 0.5 AU and 1 AU

The goal of our study is to detect and characterize the electromagnetic waves that can modify the electron distribution functions, with a special attention to whistler waves. We analyse in details the electric and magnetic field fluctuations observed by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft during its first orbit around the Sun between 0.5 and 1 AU. Using data of the Search Coil Magnetometer and electric antenna, both parts of the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrumental suite, we detect the electromagnetic waves with frequencies above 3 Hz and determine the statistical distribution of their amplitudes, frequencies, polarization and k-vector as a function of distance. We also discuss relevant instrumental issues regarding the phase between the electric and magnetic measurements and the effective length of the electric antenna. An overwhelming majority of the observed waves are right hand circularly polarized in the solar wind frame and identified as outward propagating and quasi parallel whistler waves. Their occurrence rate increases by a least a factor two from 1 AU to 0.5 AU. These results are consistent with the regulation of the heat flux by the whistler heat flux instability. Near 0.5 AU, whistler waves are found to be more field-aligned and to have smaller normalized frequency ($f/f_{ce}$), larger amplitude, and larger bandwidth than at 1 AU.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Simulations of radio-wave anisotropic scattering to interpret type III radio bursts measurements by Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, STEREO and Wind

We use multi-spacecraft observations of invididual type III radio bursts in order to calculate the directivity of the radio emission, to be compared to the results of ray-tracing simulations of the radio-wave propagation and probe the plasma properties of the inner heliosphere. Ray-tracing simulations of radio-wave propagation with anisotropic scattering on density inhomogeneities are used to study the directivity of radio emissions. Simultaneous observations of type III radio bursts by four widely-separated spacecraft are used to calculate the directivity and position of the radio sources. The shape of the directivity pattern deduced for individual events is compared to the directivity pattern resulting from the ray-tracing simulations. We show that simultaneous observations of type radio III bursts by 4 different probes provide the opportunity to estimate the radio source positions and the directivity of the radio emission. The shape of the directivity varies from one event to another, and is consistent with anisotropic scattering of the radio-waves.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Solar Orbiter/RPW antenna calibration in the radio domain and its application to type III burst observations

In order to allow for a comparison with the measurements from other antenna systems, the voltage power spectral density measured by the Radio and Plasma waves receiver (RPW) on board Solar Orbiter needs to be converted into physical quantities that depend on the intrinsic properties of the radiation itself.The main goal of this study is to perform a calibration of the RPW dipole antenna system that allows for the conversion of the voltage power spectral density measured at the receiver's input into the incoming flux density. We used space observations from the Thermal Noise Receiver (TNR) and the High Frequency Receiver (HFR) to perform the calibration of the RPW dipole antenna system. Observations of type III bursts by the Wind spacecraft are used to obtain a reference radio flux density for cross-calibrating the RPW dipole antennas. The analysis of a large sample of HFR observations (over about ten months), carried out jointly with an analysis of TNR-HFR data and prior to the antennas' deployment, allowed us to estimate the reference system noise of the TNR-HFR receivers. We obtained the effective length of the RPW dipoles and the reference system noise of TNR-HFR in space, where the antennas and pre-amplifiers are embedded in the solar wind plasma. The obtained $l_{eff}$ values are in agreement with the simulation and measurements performed on the ground. By investigating the radio flux intensities of 35 type III bursts simultaneously observed by Solar Orbiter and Wind, we found that while the scaling of the decay time as a function of the frequency is the same for the Waves and RPW instruments, their median values are higher for the former. This provides the first observational evidence that Type III radio waves still undergo density scattering, even when they propagate from the source, in a medium with a plasma frequency that is well below their own emission frequency.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Parker Solar Probe Observations of Helical Structures as Boundaries for Energetic Particles

Energetic particle transport in the interplanetary medium is known to be affected by magnetic structures. It has been demonstrated for solar energetic particles in near-Earth orbit studies, and also for the more energetic cosmic rays. In this paper, we show observational evidence that intensity variations of solar energetic particles can be correlated with the occurrence of helical magnetic flux tubes and their boundaries. The analysis is carried out using data from Parker Solar Probe orbit 5, in the period 2020 May 24 to June 2. We use FIELDS magnetic field data and energetic particle measurements from the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (\isois) suite on the Parker Solar Probe. We identify magnetic flux ropes by employing a real-space evaluation of magnetic helicity, and their potential boundaries using the Partial Variance of Increments method. We find that energetic particles are either confined within or localized outside of helical flux tubes, suggesting that the latter act as transport boundaries for particles, consistent with previously developed viewpoints.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

First-year ion-acoustic wave observations in the solar wind by the RPW/TDS instrument onboard Solar Orbiter

Electric field measurements of the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) receiver, part of the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument on board Solar Orbiter, often exhibit very intense broadband wave emissions at frequencies below 20~kHz in the spacecraft frame. In this paper, we present a year-long study of electrostatic fluctuations observed in the solar wind at an interval of heliocentric distances from 0.5 to 1~AU. The RPW/TDS observations provide a nearly continuous data set for a statistical study of intense waves below the local plasma frequency. The on-board and continuously collected and processed properties of waveform snapshots allow for the mapping plasma waves at frequencies between 200~Hz and 20~kHz. We used the triggered waveform snapshots and a Doppler-shifted solution of the dispersion relation for wave mode identification in order to carry out a detailed spectral and polarization analysis. Electrostatic ion-acoustic waves are the common wave emissions observed between the local electron and proton plasma frequency in the soler wind. The occurrence rate of ion-acoustic waves peaks around perihelion at distances of 0.5~AU and decreases with increasing distances, with only a few waves detected per day at 0.9~AU. Waves are more likely to be observed when the local proton moments and magnetic field are highly variable. A more detailed analysis of more than 10000 triggered waveform snapshots shows the mean wave frequency at about 3 kHz and wave amplitude about 2.5 mV/m. The wave amplitude varies as 1/R^(1.38) with the heliocentric distance. The relative phase distribution between two components of the E-field shows a mostly linear wave polarization. Electric field fluctuations are closely aligned with the directions of the ambient field lines. Only a small number (3%) of ion-acoustic waves are observed at larger magnetic discontinuities.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2021

A solar source of Alfvénic magnetic field switchbacks: {\em in situ} remnants of magnetic funnels on supergranulation scales

One of the striking observations from the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft is the prevalence in the inner heliosphere of large amplitude, Alfvénic magnetic field reversals termed 'switchbacks'. These $δB_R/B \sim \mathcal{O}(1$) fluctuations occur on a range of timescales and in {\em patches} separated by intervals of quiet, radial magnetic field. We use measurements from PSP to demonstrate that patches of switchbacks are localized within the extensions of plasma structures originating at the base of the corona. These structures are characterized by an increase in alpha particle abundance, Mach number, plasma $β$ and pressure, and by depletions in the magnetic field magnitude and electron temperature. These intervals are in pressure-balance, implying stationary spatial structure, and the field depressions are consistent with overexpanded flux tubes. The structures are asymmetric in Carrington longitude with a steeper leading edge and a small ($\sim$1$^\circ$) edge of hotter plasma and enhanced magnetic field fluctuations. Some structures contain suprathermal ions to $\sim$85 keV that we argue are the energetic tail of the solar wind alpha population. The structures are separated in longitude by angular scales associated with supergranulation. This suggests that these switchbacks originate near the leading edge of the diverging magnetic field funnels associated with the network magnetic field - the primary wind sources. We propose an origin of the magnetic field switchbacks, hot plasma and suprathermals, alpha particles in interchange reconnection events just above the solar transition region and our measurements represent the extended regions of a turbulent outflow exhaust.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Multi-spacecraft Study of the Solar Wind at Solar Minimum: Dependence on Latitude and Transient Outflows

The recent launches of Parker Solar Probe (PSP), Solar Orbiter (SO) and BepiColombo, along with several older spacecraft, have provided the opportunity to study the solar wind at multiple latitudes and distances from the Sun simultaneously. We take advantage of this unique spacecraft constellation, along with low solar activity across two solar rotations between May and July 2020, to investigate how the solar wind structure, including the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS), varies with latitude. We visualise the sector structure of the inner heliosphere by ballistically mapping the polarity and solar wind speed from several spacecraft onto the Sun's source surface. We then assess the HCS morphology and orientation with the in situ data and compare with a predicted HCS shape. We resolve ripples in the HCS on scales of a few degrees in longitude and latitude, finding that the local orientation of sector boundaries were broadly consistent with the shape of the HCS but were steepened with respect to a modelled HCS at the Sun. We investigate how several CIRs varied with latitude, finding evidence for the compression region affecting slow solar wind outside the latitude extent of the faster stream. We also identified several transient structures associated with HCS crossings, and speculate that one such transient may have disrupted the local HCS orientation up to five days after its passage. We have shown that the solar wind structure varies significantly with latitude, with this constellation providing context for solar wind measurements that would not be possible with a single spacecraft. These measurements provide an accurate representation of the solar wind within $\pm 10^{\circ}$ latitude, which could be used as a more rigorous constraint on solar wind models and space weather predictions. In the future, this range of latitudes will increase as SO's orbit becomes more inclined.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2021

Density Fluctuations Associated with Turbulence and Waves: First Observations by Solar Orbiter

We use the plasma density based on measurements of the probe-to-spacecraft potential in combination with magnetic field measurements by MAG to study fields and density fluctuations in the solar wind observed by Solar Orbiter during the first perihelion encounter ($\sim$0.5~AU away from the Sun). In particular we use the polarization of the wave magnetic field, the phase between the compressible magnetic field and density fluctuations and the compressibility ratio (the ratio of the normalized density fluctuations to the normalized compressible fluctuations of B) to characterize the observed waves and turbulence. We find that the density fluctuations are out-of-phase with the compressible component of magnetic fluctuations for intervals of turbulence, while they are in phase for the circular-polarized waves around the proton cyclotron frequency. We analyze in detail two specific events with simultaneous presence of left- and right-handed waves at different frequencies. We compare observed wave properties to a prediction of the three-fluid (electrons, protons and alphas) model. We find a limit on the observed wavenumbers, $10^{-6} < k < 7 \times 10^{-6}$~m$^{-1}$, which corresponds to wavelength $7 \times 10^6 >λ> 10^6$~m. We conclude that most likely both the left- and right-handed waves correspond to the low-wavenumber part (close to the cut-off at $Ω_{c\mathrm{He}++}$) proton-band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (left-handed wave in the plasma frame confined to the frequency range $Ω_{c\mathrm{He}++} < ω< Ω_{c\mathrm{H}+}$) waves propagating in the outwards and inwards directions respectively. The fact that both wave polarizations are observed at the same time and the identified wave mode has a low group velocity suggests that the double-banded events occur in the source regions of the waves.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2021

Characteristics of Interplanetary Discontinuities in the Inner Heliosphere Revealed by Parker Solar Probe

We present a statistical analysis for the characteristics and spatial evolution of the interplanetary discontinuities (IDs) in the solar wind, from 0.13 to 0.9 au, by using the Parker Solar Probe measurements on Orbits 4 and 5. 3948 IDs have been collected, including 2511 rotational discontinuities (RDs) and 557 tangential discontinuities (TDs), with the remnant unidentified. The statistical results show that (1) the ID occurrence rate decreases from 200 events/day at 0.13 au to 1 events/day at 0.9 au, following a spatial scaling r-2.00, (2) the RD to TD ratio decreases quickly with the heliocentric distance, from 8 at r<0.3 au to 1 at r>0.4 au, (3) the magnetic field tends to rotate across the IDs, 45° for TDs and 30° for RDs in the pristine solar wind within 0.3 au, (4) a special subgroup of RDs exist within 0.3 au, characterized by small field rotation angles and parallel or antiparallel propagations to the background magnetic fields, (5) the TD thicknesses normalized by local ion inertial lengths (di) show no clear spatial scaling and generally range from 5 to 35 di, and the normalized RD thicknesses follow r-1.09 spatial scaling, (6) the outward (anti-sunward) propagating RDs predominate in all RDs, with the propagation speeds in the plasma rest frame proportional to r-1.03. This work could improve our understandings for the ID characteristics and evolutions and shed light on the study of the turbulent environment in the pristine solar wind.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Statistical study of electron density turbulence and ion-cyclotron waves in the inner heliosphere: Solar Orbiter observations

The recently released spacecraft potential measured by the RPW instrument on-board Solar Orbiter has been used to estimate the solar wind electron density in the inner heliosphere. Solar-wind electron density measured during June 2020 has been analysed to obtain a thorough characterization of the turbulence and intermittency properties of the fluctuations. Magnetic field data have been used to describe the presence of ion-scale waves. Selected intervals have been extracted to study and quantify the properties of turbulence. The Empirical Mode Decomposition has been used to obtain the generalized marginal Hilbert spectrum, equivalent to the structure functions analysis, and additionally reducing issues typical of non-stationary, short time series. The presence of waves was quantitatively determined introducing a parameter describing the time-dependent, frequency-filtered wave power. A well defined inertial range with power-law scaling has been found almost everywhere. However, the Kolmogorov scaling and the typical intermittency effects are only present in part of the samples. Other intervals have shallower spectra and more irregular intermittency, not described by models of turbulence. These are observed predominantly during intervals of enhanced ion frequency wave activity. Comparisons with compressible magnetic field intermittency (from the MAG instrument) and with an estimate of the solar wind velocity (using electric and magnetic field) are also provided to give general context and help determine the cause for the anomalous fluctuations.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2021

Signatures of coronal hole substructure in the solar wind: combined Solar Orbiter remote sensing and in situ measurements

Context. The Sun's complex corona is the source of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. While the large scale morphology is well understood, the impact of variations in coronal properties on the scale of a few degrees on properties of the interplanetary medium is not known. Solar Orbiter, carrying both remote sensing and in situ instruments into the inner solar system, is intended to make these connections better than ever before. Aims. We combine remote sensing and in situ measurements from Solar Orbiter's first perihelion at 0.5 AU to study the fine scale structure of the solar wind from the equatorward edge of a polar coronal hole with the aim of identifying characteristics of the corona which can explain the in situ variations. Methods. We use in situ measurements of the magnetic field, density and solar wind speed to identify structures on scales of hours at the spacecraft. Using Potential Field Source Surface mapping we estimate the source locations of the measured solar wind as a function of time and use EUI images to characterise these solar sources. Results. We identify small scale stream interactions in the solar wind with compressed magnetic field and density along with speed variations which are associated with corrugations in the edge of the coronal hole on scales of several degrees, demonstrating that fine scale coronal structure can directly influence solar wind properties and drive variations within individual streams. Conclusions. This early analysis already demonstrates the power of Solar Orbiter's combined remote sensing and in situ payload and shows that with future, closer perihelia it will be possible dramatically to improve our knowledge of the coronal sources of fine scale solar wind structure, which is important both for understanding the phenomena driving the solar wind and predicting its impacts at the Earth and elsewhere.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

First dust measurements with the Solar Orbiter Radio and Plasma Wave instrument

Impacts of dust grains on spacecraft are known to produce typical impulsive signals in the voltage waveform recorded at the terminals of electric antennas. Such signals are routinely detected by the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) system of the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument aboard Solar Orbiter. We investigate the capabilities of RPW in terms of interplanetary dust studies and present the first analysis of dust impacts recorded by this instrument. We discuss previously developed models of voltage pulses generation after a dust impact onto a spacecraft and present the relevant technical parameters for Solar Orbiter RPW as a dust detector. Then we present the statistical analysis of the dust impacts recorded by RPW/TDS from April 20th, 2020 to February 27th, 2021 between 0.5 AU and 1 AU. The study shows that the dust population studied presents a radial velocity component directed outward from the Sun, the order of magnitude of which can be roughly estimated as $v_{r, dust} \simeq 50$ km.$s^{-1}$. This is consistent with the flux of impactors being dominated by $β$-meteoroids. We estimate the cumulative flux of these grains at 1 AU to be roughly $F_β\simeq 8\times 10^{-5} $ m$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, for particles of radius $r \gtrsim 100$ nm. The power law index $δ$ of the cumulative mass flux of the impactors is evaluated by two differents methods (direct observations of voltage pulses and indirect effect on the impact rate dependency on the impact speed). Both methods give a result $δ\simeq 0.3-0.4$. Solar Orbiter RPW proves to be a suitable instrument for interplanetary dust studies. These first results are promising for the continuation of the mission, in particular for the in-situ study of the dust cloud outside the ecliptic plane, which Solar Orbiter will be the first spacecraft to explore.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2021

Collisional Evolution of the Inner Zodiacal Cloud

The zodiacal cloud is one of the largest structures in the solar system and strongly governed by meteoroid collisions near the Sun. Collisional erosion occurs throughout the zodiacal cloud, yet it is historically difficult to directly measure and has never been observed for discrete meteoroid streams. After six orbits with Parker Solar Probe (PSP), its dust impact rates are consistent with at least three distinct populations: bound zodiacal dust grains on elliptic orbits ($α$-meteoroids), unbound $β$-meteoroids on hyperbolic orbits, and a third population of impactors that may either be direct observations of discrete meteoroid streams, or their collisional byproducts ("$β$-streams"). $β$-streams of varying intensities are expected to be produced by all meteoroid streams, particularly in the inner solar system, and are a universal phenomenon in all exozodiacal disks. We find the majority of collisional erosion of the zodiacal cloud occurs in the range of $10-20$ solar radii and expect this region to also produce the majority of pick-up ions due to dust in the inner solar system. A zodiacal erosion rate of at least $\sim$100 kg s$^{-1}$ and flux of $β$-meteoroids at 1 au of $0.4-0.8 \times 10^{-4}$ m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ is found to be consistent with the observed impact rates. The $β$-meteoroids investigated here are not found to be primarily responsible for the inner source of pick-up ions, suggesting nanograins susceptible to electromagnetic forces with radii below $\sim$50 nm are the inner source of pick-up ions. We expect the peak deposited energy flux to PSP due to dust to increase in subsequent orbits, up to 7 times that experienced during its sixth orbit.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

Solar wind current sheets and deHoffmann-Teller analysis: First results of DC electric field measurements by Solar Orbiter

Solar Orbiter was launched on February 10, 2020 with the purpose of investigating solar and heliospheric physics using a payload of instruments designed for both remote and in-situ sensing. Similar to the recently launched Parker Solar Probe, and unlike earlier missions, Solar Orbiter carries instruments designed to measure the low frequency DC electric fields. In this paper we assess the quality of the low-frequency DC electric field measured by the Radio and Plasma Waves instrument (RPW) on Solar Orbiter. In particular we investigate the possibility of using Solar Orbiter's DC electric and magnetic field data to estimate the solar wind speed. We use deHoffmann-Teller (HT) analysis based on measurements of the electric and magnetic fields to find the velocity of solar wind current sheets which minimizes a single component of the electric field. By comparing the HT velocity to proton velocity measured by the Proton and Alpha particle Sensor (PAS) we develop a simple model for the effective antenna length, $L_\text{eff}$ of the E-field probes. We then use the HT method to estimate the speed of the solar wind. Using the HT method, we find that the observed variations in $E_y$ are often in excellent agreement with the variations in the magnetic field. The magnitude of $E_y$, however, is uncertain due to the fact that the $L_\text{eff}$ depends on the plasma environment. We derive an empirical model relating $L_\text{eff}$ to the Debye length, which we can use to improve the estimate of $E_y$ and consequently the estimated solar wind speed. The low frequency electric field provided by RPW is of high quality. Using deHoffmann-Teller analysis, Solar Orbiter's magnetic and electric field measurements can be used to estimate the solar wind speed when plasma data is unavailable.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2021

Kinetic Electrostatic Waves and their Association with Current Structures in the Solar Wind

A variety of kinetic waves develop in the solar wind. The relationship between these waves and larger-scale structures, such as current sheets and ongoing turbulence remain a topic of investigation. Similarly, the instabilities producing ion-acoustic waves in the solar wind remains an open question. The goals of this paper are to investigate kinetic electrostatic Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves in the solar wind at 0.5 AU and determine whether current sheets and associated streaming instabilities can produce the observed waves. The relationship between these waves and currents is investigated statistically. Solar Orbiter's Radio and Plasma Waves instrument suite provides high-resolution snapshots of the fluctuating electric field. The Low Frequency Receiver resolves the waveforms of ion-acoustic waves and the Time Domain Sampler resolves the waveforms of both ion-acoustic and Langmuir waves. Using these waveform data we determine when these waves are observed in relation to current structures in the solar wind, estimated from the background magnetic field. Langmuir and ion-acoustic waves are frequently observed in the solar wind. Ion-acoustic waves are observed about 1% of the time at 0.5 AU. The waves are more likely to be observed in regions of enhanced currents. However, the waves typically do not occur at current structures themselves. The observed currents in the solar wind are too small to drive instability by the relative drift between single ion and electron populations. When multi-component ion and/or electron distributions are present the observed currents may be sufficient for instability. Ion beams are the most plausible source of ion-acoustic waves. The spacecraft potential is confirmed to be a reliable probe of the background electron density by comparing the peak frequencies of Langmuir waves with the plasma frequency calculated from the spacecraft potential.

physics.space-ph↗