arXiv subjects

S. He

Publications and source records attributed to S. He.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2022

Tomography of Ultra-relativistic Nuclei with Polarized Photon-gluon Collisions

A linearly polarized photon can be quantized from the Lorentz-boosted electromagnetic field of a nucleus traveling at ultra-relativistic speed. When two relativistic heavy nuclei pass one another at a distance of a few nuclear radii, the photon from one nucleus may interact through a virtual quark-antiquark pair with gluons from the other nucleus forming a short-lived vector meson (e.g. ${ρ^0}$). In this experiment, the polarization was utilized in diffractive photoproduction to observe a unique spin interference pattern in the angular distribution of ${ρ^0\rightarrowπ^+π^-}$ decays. The observed interference is a result of an overlap of two wave functions at a distance an order of magnitude larger than the ${ρ^0}$ travel distance within its lifetime. The strong-interaction nuclear radii were extracted from these diffractive interactions, and found to be $6.53\pm 0.06$ fm ($^{197} {\rm Au }$) and $7.29\pm 0.08$ fm ($^{238} {\rm U}$), larger than the nuclear charge radii. The observable is demonstrated to be sensitive to the nuclear geometry and quantum interference of non-identical particles.

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arXiv2022

Centrality and transverse momentum dependence of higher-order flow harmonics of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 200 GeV

We present high-precision measurements of elliptic, triangular, and quadrangular flow $v_{2}$, $v_{3}$, and $v_{4}$, respectively, at midrapidity ($|η|<1.0$) for identified hadrons $π$, $p$, $K$, $φ$, $K_s$, $Λ$ as a function of centrality and transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions at the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=$ 200 GeV. We observe similar $v_{n}$ trends between light and strange mesons which indicates that the heavier strange quarks flow as strongly as the lighter up and down quarks. The number-of-constituent-quark scaling for $v_{2}$, $v_{3}$, and $v_{4}$ is found to hold within statistical uncertainty for 0-10$\%$, 10-40$\%$ and 40-80$\%$ collision centrality intervals. The results are compared to several viscous hydrodynamic calculations with varying initial conditions, and could serve as an additional constraint to the development of hydrodynamic models.

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arXiv2022

Light Nuclei Collectivity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, partonic collectivity is evidenced by the constituent quark number scaling of elliptic flow anisotropy for identified hadrons. A breaking of this scaling and dominance of baryonic interactions is found for identified hadron collective flow measurements in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. In this paper, we report measurements of the first- and second-order azimuthal anisotropic parameters, $v_1$ and $v_2$, of light nuclei ($d$, $t$, $^{3}$He, $^{4}$He) produced in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at the STAR experiment. An atomic mass number scaling is found in the measured $v_1$ slopes of light nuclei at mid-rapidity. For the measured $v_2$ magnitude, a strong rapidity dependence is observed. Unlike $v_2$ at higher collision energies, the $v_2$ values at mid-rapidity for all light nuclei are negative and no scaling is observed with the atomic mass number. Calculations by the Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model (JAM), with baryonic mean-field plus nucleon coalescence, are in good agreement with our observations, implying baryonic interactions dominate the collective dynamics in 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC.

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arXiv2021

GBLinks: GNN-Based Beam Selection and Link Activation for Ultra-dense D2D mmWave Networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of joint beam selection and link activation across a set of communication pairs to effectively control the interference between communication pairs via inactivating part communication pairs in ultra-dense device-to-device (D2D) mmWave communication networks. The resulting optimization problem is formulated as an integer programming problem that is nonconvex and NP-hard. Consequently, the global optimal solution, even the local optimal solution, cannot be generally obtained. To overcome this challenge, this paper resorts to design a deep learning architecture based on graph neural network to finish the joint beam selection and link activation, with taking the network topology information into account. Meanwhile, we present an unsupervised Lagrangian dual learning framework to train the parameters of the GBLinks model. Numerical results show that the proposed GBLinks model can converges to a stable point with the number of iterations increases, in terms of the weighted sum rate. Furthermore, the GBLinks model can reach near-optimal solution through comparing with the exhaustive search scheme in small-scale ultra-dense D2D mmWave communication networks and outperforms GreedyNoSched and the SCA-based method. It also shows that the GBLinks model can generalize to varying densities and coverage regions of ultra-dense D2D mmWave communication networks.

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arXiv2021

An Overview on the Application of Graph Neural Networks in Wireless Networks

In recent years, with the rapid enhancement of computing power, deep learning methods have been widely applied in wireless networks and achieved impressive performance. To effectively exploit the information of graph-structured data as well as contextual information, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been introduced to address a series of optimization problems of wireless networks. In this overview, we first illustrate the construction method of wireless communication graph for various wireless networks and simply introduce the progress of several classical paradigms of GNNs. Then, several applications of GNNs in wireless networks such as resource allocation and several emerging fields, are discussed in detail. Finally, some research trends about the applications of GNNs in wireless communication systems are discussed.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2021

Non-monotonic energy dependence of net-proton number fluctuations

Non-monotonic variation with collision energy ($\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$) of the moments of the net-baryon number distribution in heavy-ion collisions, related to the correlation length and the susceptibilities of the system, is suggested as a signature for the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) critical point. We report the first evidence of a non-monotonic variation in kurtosis times variance of the net-proton number (proxy for net-baryon number) distribution as a function of \rootsnn with 3.1$σ$ significance, for head-on (central) gold-on-gold (Au+Au) collisions measured using the STAR detector at RHIC. Data in non-central Au+Au collisions and models of heavy-ion collisions without a critical point show a monotonic variation as a function of $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$.

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arXiv2021

Observation of $D_{s}^{\pm}/D^0$ enhancement in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 200 GeV

We report on the first measurement of charm-strange meson $D_s^{\pm}$ production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 200 GeV from the STAR experiment. The yield ratio between strange ($D_{s}^{\pm}$) and non-strange ($D^{0}$) open-charm mesons is presented and compared to model calculations. A significant enhancement, relative to a PYTHIA simulation of $p$+$p$ collisions, is observed in the $D_{s}^{\pm}/D^0$ yield ratio in Au+Au collisions over a large range of collision centralities. Model calculations incorporating abundant strange-quark production in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and coalescence hadronization qualitatively reproduce the data. The transverse-momentum integrated yield ratio of $D_{s}^{\pm}/D^0$ at midrapidity is consistent with a prediction from a statistical hadronization model with the parameters constrained by the yields of light and strange hadrons measured at the same collision energy. These results suggest that the coalescence of charm quarks with strange quarks in the QGP plays an important role in $D_{s}^{\pm}$ meson production in heavy-ion collisions.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2021

Measurement of transverse single-spin asymmetries of $π^0$ and electromagnetic jets at forward rapidity in 200 and 500 GeV transversely polarized proton-proton collisions

The STAR Collaboration reports measurements of the transverse single-spin asymmetry (TSSA) of inclusive $π^0$ at center-of-mass energies ($\sqrt s$) of 200 GeV and 500 GeV in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions in the pseudo-rapidity region 2.7 to 4.0. The results at the two different energies show a continuous increase of the TSSA with Feynman-$x$, and, when compared to previous measurements, no dependence on $\sqrt s$ from 19.4 GeV to 500 GeV is found. To investigate the underlying physics leading to this large TSSA, different topologies have been studied. $π^0$ with no nearby particles tend to have a higher TSSA than inclusive $π^0$. The TSSA for inclusive electromagnetic jets, sensitive to the Sivers effect in the initial state, is substantially smaller, but shows the same behavior as the inclusive $π^0$ asymmetry as a function of Feynman-$x$. To investigate final-state effects, the Collins asymmetry of $π^0$ inside electromagnetic jets has been measured. The Collins asymmetry is analyzed for its dependence on the $π^0$ momentum transverse to the jet thrust axis and its dependence on the fraction of jet energy carried by the $π^0$. The asymmetry was found to be small in each case for both center-of-mass energies. All the measurements are compared to QCD-based theoretical calculations for transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions and fragmentation functions. Some discrepancies are found, which indicates new mechanisms might be involved.

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arXiv2021

Global polarization of $Ξ$ and $Ω$ hyperons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV

Global polarization of $Ξ$ and $Ω$ hyperons has been measured for the first time in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV. The measurements of the $Ξ^-$ and $\barΞ^+$ hyperon polarization have been performed by two independent methods, via analysis of the angular distribution of the daughter particles in the parity violating weak decay $Ξ\rightarrowΛ+π$, as well as by measuring the polarization of the daughter $Λ$-hyperon, polarized via polarization transfer from its parent. The polarization, obtained by combining the results from the two methods and averaged over $Ξ^-$ and $\barΞ^+$, is measured to be $\langle P_Ξ\rangle = 0.47\pm0.10~({\rm stat.})\pm0.23~({\rm syst.})\,\%$ for the collision centrality 20\%-80\%. The $\langle P_Ξ\rangle$ is found to be slightly larger than the inclusive $Λ$ polarization and in reasonable agreement with a multi-phase transport model (AMPT). The $\langle P_Ξ\rangle$ is found to follow the centrality dependence of the vorticity predicted in the model, increasing toward more peripheral collisions. The global polarization of $Ω$, $\langle P_Ω\rangle = 1.11\pm0.87~({\rm stat.})\pm1.97~({\rm syst.})\,\%$ was obtained by measuring the polarization of daughter $Λ$ in the decay $Ω\rightarrow Λ+ K$, assuming the polarization transfer factor $C_{ΩΛ}=1$.

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arXiv2021

Flow and interferometry results from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{\textit{s}_{NN}}$ = 4.5 GeV

The Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) was extended to energies below $\sqrt{\textit{s}_{NN}}$ = 7.7 GeV in 2015 by successful implementation of the fixed-target mode of operation in the STAR (Solenoidal Track At RHIC) experiment. In the fixed-target mode, ions circulate in one ring of the collider and interact with a stationary target at the entrance of the STAR Time Projection Chamber. The first results for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{\textit{s}_{NN}}$ = 4.5 GeV are presented, including directed and elliptic flow of identified hadrons, and radii from pion femtoscopy. The proton flow and pion femtoscopy results agree quantitatively with earlier measurements by Alternating Gradient Synchrotron experiments at similar energies. This validates running the STAR experiment in the fixed-target configuration. Pion directed and elliptic flow are presented for the first time at this beam energy. Pion and proton elliptic flow show behavior which hints at constituent quark scaling, but large error bars preclude reliable conclusions. The ongoing second phase of BES (BES-II) will provide fixed-target data sets with 100 times more events at each of several energies down to $\sqrt{\textit{s}_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV.

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arXiv2021

Comparison of transverse single-spin asymmetries for forward $π^{0}$ production in polarized $pp$, $p\rm{Al}$ and $p\rm{Au}$ collisions at nucleon pair c.m. energy $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}= 200$ GeV

The STAR Collaboration reports a measurement of the transverse single-spin asymmetries, $A_{N}$, for neutral pions produced in polarized proton collisions with protons ($pp$), with aluminum nuclei ($p\rm{Al}$) and with gold nuclei ($p\rm{Au}$) at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV. Neutral pions are observed in the forward direction relative to the transversely polarized proton beam, in the pseudo-rapidity region $2.7<η<3.8$. Results are presented for $π^0$s observed in the STAR FMS electromagnetic calorimeter in narrow Feynman x ($x_F$) and transverse momentum ($p_T$) bins, spanning the range $0.17 2.5$ GeV/$c$. It is further observed that the value of $A_N$ is significantly larger for events with a large-$p_T$ isolated $π^0$ than for events with a non-isolated $π^0$ accompanied by additional jet-like fragments. The nuclear dependence $r(A)$ is similar for isolated and non-isolated $π^0$ events.

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arXiv2021

Measurement of inclusive charged-particle jet production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV

The STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider reports the first measurement of inclusive jet production in peripheral and central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-k$_{T}$ algorithm using charged tracks with pseudorapidity $|η|<1.0$ and transverse momentum $0.2<p_{T,jet}^{ch}<30$ GeV/$c$, with jet resolution parameter $R$=0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The large background yield uncorrelated with the jet signal is observed to be dominated by statistical phase space, consistent with a previous coincidence measurement. This background is suppressed by requiring a high-transverse-momentum (high-$p_T$) leading hadron in accepted jet candidates. The bias imposed by this requirement is assessed, and the $p_T$ region in which the bias is small is identified. Inclusive charged-particle jet distributions are reported in peripheral and central Au+Au collisions for $5<p_{T,jet}^{ch}<25$ GeV/$c$ and $5<p_{T,jet}^{ch}<30$ GeV/$c$, respectively. The charged-particle jet inclusive yield is suppressed for central Au+Au collisions, compared to both the peripheral Au+Au yield from this measurement and to the $pp$ yield calculated using the PYTHIA event generator. The magnitude of the suppression is consistent with that of inclusive hadron production at high $p_T$, and that of semi-inclusive recoil jet yield when expressed in terms of energy loss due to medium-induced energy transport. Comparison of inclusive charged-particle jet yields for different values of $R$ exhibits no significant evidence for medium-induced broadening of the transverse jet profile for $R<0.4$ in central Au+Au collisions. The measured distributions are consistent with theoretical model calculations that incorporate jet quenching.

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arXiv2021

Measurement of Groomed Jet Substructure Observables in \pp Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV with STAR

In this letter, measurements of the shared momentum fraction ($z_{\rm{g}}$) and the groomed jet radius ($R_{\rm{g}}$), as defined in the SoftDrop algorihm, are reported in \pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV collected by the STAR experiment. These substructure observables are differentially measured for jets of varying resolution parameters from $R = 0.2 - 0.6$ in the transverse momentum range $15 < p_{\rm{T, jet}} < 60$ GeV$/c$. These studies show that, in the $p_{\rm{T, jet}}$ range accessible at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV and with increasing jet resolution parameter and jet transverse momentum, the $z_{\rm{g}}$ distribution asymptotically converges to the DGLAP splitting kernel for a quark radiating a gluon. The groomed jet radius measurements reflect a momentum-dependent narrowing of the jet structure for jets of a given resolution parameter, i.e., the larger the $p_{\rm{T, jet}}$, the narrower the first splitting. For the first time, these fully corrected measurements are compared to Monte Carlo generators with leading order QCD matrix elements and leading log in the parton shower, and to state-of-the-art theoretical calculations at next-to-leading-log accuracy. We observe that PYTHIA 6 with parameters tuned to reproduce RHIC measurements is able to quantitatively describe data, whereas PYTHIA 8 and HERWIG 7, tuned to reproduce LHC data, are unable to provide a simultaneous description of both $z_{\rm{g}}$ and $R_{\rm{g}}$, resulting in opportunities for fine parameter tuning of these models for \pp collisions at RHIC energies. We also find that the theoretical calculations without non-perturbative corrections are able to qualitatively describe the trend in data for jets of large resolution parameters at high $p_{\rm{T, jet}}$, but fail at small jet resolution parameters and low jet transverse momenta.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2020

Measurements of $W$ and $Z/γ^*$ cross sections and their ratios in $p+p$ collisions at RHIC

We report on the $W$ and $Z/γ^*$ differential and total cross sections as well as the $W^+$/$W^-$ and $(W^+ + W^-)$/$(Z/γ^*)$ cross-section ratios measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC in $p+p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 500$ GeV and $510$ GeV. The cross sections and their ratios are sensitive to quark and antiquark parton distribution functions. In particular, at leading order, the $W$ cross-section ratio is sensitive to the $\bar{d}/\bar{u}$ ratio. These measurements were taken at high $Q^2 \sim M_W^2,M_Z^2$ and can serve as input into global analyses to provide constraints on the sea quark distributions. The results presented here combine three STAR data sets from 2011, 2012, and 2013, accumulating an integrated luminosity of 350 pb$^{-1}$. We also assess the expected impact that our $W^+/W^-$ cross-section ratios will have on various quark distributions, and find sensitivity to the $\bar{u}-\bar{d}$ and $\bar{d}/\bar{u}$ distributions.

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arXiv2020

Measurement of inclusive J/$ψ$ polarization in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV by the STAR experiment

We report on new measurements of inclusive J/$ψ$ polarization at mid-rapidity in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The polarization parameters, $λ_θ$, $λ_ϕ$, and $λ_{θϕ}$, are measured as a function of transverse momentum ($p_T$) in both the Helicity and Collins-Soper (CS) reference frames within $p_T< 10$ GeV/$C$. Except for $λ_θ$ in the CS frame at the highest measured $p_T$, all three polarization parameters are consistent with 0 in both reference frames without any strong $p_T$ dependence. Several model calculations are compared with data, and the one using the Color Glass Condensate effective field theory coupled with non-relativistic QCD gives the best overall description of the experimental results, even though other models cannot be ruled out due to experimental uncertainties.

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arXiv2020

Beam-Energy Dependence of the Directed Flow of Deuterons in Au+Au Collisions

We present a measurement of the first-order azimuthal anisotropy, $v_1(y)$, of deuterons from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV recorded with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The energy dependence of the $v_1(y)$ slope, $dv_{1}/dy|_{y=0}$, for deuterons, where $y$ is the rapidity, is extracted for semi-central collisions (10-40\% centrality) and compared to that of protons. While the $v_1(y)$ slopes of protons are generally negative for $\sqrt{s_{NN}} >$ 10 GeV, those for deuterons are consistent with zero, a strong enhancement of the $v_1(y)$ slope of deuterons is seen at the lowest collision energy (the largest baryon density) at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 7.7 GeV. In addition, we report the transverse momentum dependence of $v_1$ for protons and deuterons. The experimental results are compared with transport and coalescence models.

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arXiv2020

Results on Total and Elastic Cross Sections in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV

We report results on the total and elastic cross sections in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV obtained with the Roman Pot setup of the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The elastic differential cross section was measured in the squared four-momentum transfer range $0.045 \leq -t \leq 0.135$ GeV$^2$. The value of the exponential slope parameter $B$ of the elastic differential cross section $dσ/dt \sim e^{-Bt}$ in the measured $-t$ range was found to be $B = 14.32 \pm 0.09 (stat.)^{\scriptstyle +0.13}_{\scriptstyle -0.28} (syst.)$ GeV$^{-2}$. The total cross section $σ_{tot}$, obtained from extrapolation of the $dσ/dt$ to the optical point at $-t = 0$, is $σ_{tot} = 54.67 \pm 0.21 (stat.) ^{\scriptstyle +1.28}_{\scriptstyle -1.38} (syst.)$ mb. We also present the values of the elastic cross section $σ_{el} = 10.85 \pm 0.03 (stat.) ^{\scriptstyle +0.49}_{\scriptstyle -0.41}(syst.)$ mb, the elastic cross section integrated within the STAR $t$-range $σ^{det}_{el} = 4.05 \pm 0.01 (stat.) ^{\scriptstyle+0.18}_{\scriptstyle -0.17}(syst.)$ mb, and the inelastic cross section $σ_{inel} = 43.82 \pm 0.21 (stat.) ^{\scriptstyle +1.37}_{\scriptstyle -1.44} (syst.)$ mb. The results are compared with the world data.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2020

Measurement of the central exclusive production of charged particle pairs in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV with the STAR detector at RHIC

We report on the measurement of the Central Exclusive Production of charged particle pairs $h^{+}h^{-}$ ($h = π, K, p$) with the STAR detector at RHIC in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200$ GeV. The charged particle pairs produced in the reaction $pp\to p^\prime+h^{+}h^{-}+p^\prime$ are reconstructed from the tracks in the central detector, while the forward-scattered protons are measured in the Roman Pot system. Differential cross sections are measured in the fiducial region, which roughly corresponds to the square of the four-momentum transfers at the proton vertices in the range $0.04~\mbox{GeV}^2 < -t_1 , -t_2 < 0.2~\mbox{GeV}^2$, invariant masses of the charged particle pairs up to a few GeV and pseudorapidities of the centrally-produced hadrons in the range $|η|<0.7$. The measured cross sections are compared to phenomenological predictions based on the Double Pomeron Exchange (DPE) model. Structures observed in the mass spectra of $π^{+}π^{-}$ and $K^{+}K^{-}$ pairs are consistent with the DPE model, while angular distributions of pions suggest a dominant spin-0 contribution to $π^{+}π^{-}$ production. The fiducial $π^+π^-$ cross section is extrapolated to the Lorentz-invariant region, which allows decomposition of the invariant mass spectrum into continuum and resonant contributions. The extrapolated cross section is well described by the continuum production and at least three resonances, the $f_0(980)$, $f_2(1270)$ and $f_0(1500)$, with a possible small contribution from the $f_0(1370)$. Fits to the extrapolated differential cross section as a function of $t_1$ and $t_2$ enable extraction of the exponential slope parameters in several bins of the invariant mass of $π^+π^-$ pairs. These parameters are sensitive to the size of the interaction region.

hep-ex↗