arXiv subjects

S. Huettemeister

Publications and source records attributed to S. Huettemeister.

23 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv1999

The discovery of a gas-rich bar in UGC 2855: A galaxy in a pre-starburst phase?

We present the first interferometric CO observations of the barred late-type galaxy UGC2855 and its companion UGC2866. UGC2855 is shown to belong to the rare class of galaxies with a long (~ 8kpc) continuous molecular bar. The velocity field along the bar is dominated by solid-body rotation and shows few perturbations. This, together with an almost constant and low ^12CO/^13CO line intensity ratio along the bar and in the center as well as only weak H alpha emission, indicate that the gas in the bar is not subjected to strong shocks, but surprisingly quiescent. In the central 3'', a high velocity feature consisting of a number of Giant Molecular Associations, is identified. We discuss possible scenarios of the nature of this structure in connection with the question of the presence of an Inner Lindblad Resonance (ILR) in the bar. We suggest that the bar of UGC2855 is a young object, possibly has no ILR, and that the mass concentration toward the center of the galaxy is just beginning. In contrast, the companion UGC2866 experiences a strong starburst. We compare the properties of the gas in the bar of UGC2855 to those we find in NGC7479. Despite superficial parallels, the two bars are very dissimilar objects in terms of ^12CO/^13CO line ratio, velocity field and H alpha activity. NGC7479 exhibits starburst characteristics, while we argue that UGC2855 is in a pre-burst stage.

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arXiv1999

A New High Resolution CO Map of the inner 2.'5 of M51 I. Streaming Motions and Spiral Structure

[Abridged] The Owens Valley mm-Array has been used to map the CO 1--0 emission in the inner 2'.5 of the grand design spiral galaxy M51 at 2''-3'' resolution. The molecular spiral arms are revealed with unprecedented clarity: supermassive cloud complexes, Giant Molecular Associations, are for the first time resolved both along and perpendicular to the arms. Major complexes occur symmetrically opposite each other in the two major arms. Streaming motions can be studied in detail along the major and minor axes of M51. The streaming velocities are very large, 60-150 km/s. For the first time, sufficient resolution to resolve the structure in the molecular streaming motions is obtained. Our data support the presence of galactic shocks in the arms of M51. In general, velocity gradients across arms are higher by a factor of 2-10 than previously found. They vary in steepness along the spiral arms, becoming particularly steep in between GMAs. The steep gradients cause conditions of strong reverse shear in several regions in the arms, and thus the notion that shear is generally reduced by streaming motions in spiral arms will have to be modified. Of the three GMAs studied on the SW arm, only one shows reduced shear. We find an expansion in the NE molecular arm at 25'' radius SE of the center. This broadening occurs right after the end of the NE arm at the Inner Lindblad Resonance. Bifurcations in the molecular spiral arm structure, at a radius of 73'', may be evidence of a secondary compression of the gas caused by the 4/1 ultraharmonic resonance. Inside the radius of the ILR, we detect narrow (~ 5'') molecular spiral arms possibly related to the K-band arms found in the same region. We find evidence of non-circular motions in the inner 20'' which are consistent with gas on elliptical orbits in a bar.

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arXiv1998

Molecular gas in the Galactic center region III. Probing shocks in molecular cores

Multiline observations of C18O and SiO isotopomers toward 33 molecular peaks in the Galactic center region, taken at the SEST, JCMT and HHT telescopes, are presented. The C18O presumably traces the total H_2 column density, while the SiO traces gas affected by shocks and high temperature chemistry. The J =2-1 line of SiO is seen only in few regions of the Galactic disk. This line is easily detected in all Galactic center sources observed. A comparison of the strength of the rare isotopomers 29SiO and 30SiO to the strength of the main isotopomer 28SiO implies that the J = 2-1 transition of 28SiO is optically thick. The 29Si/30Si isotope ratio of 1.6 in the Galactic center clouds is consistent with the terrestrial value. Large Velocity Gradient models show that the dense component (n_(H_2) > 10^4cm-3) in typical molecular cores in the Galactic center is cool (TKIN ~ 25K), contrary to what is usually found in Giant Molecular Clouds in the disk, where the densest cores are the hottest. High kinetic temperatures, > 100K, known to exist from NH_3 studies, are only present at lower gas densities of a few 10^3cm-3, where SiO is highly subthermal. Assuming that C18O traces all of the molecular gas, it is found that in all cases but one, SiO emission is compatible with arising in gas at higher density that is (presently) relatively cool. The relative abundance of SiO is typically 10^-9, but differs significantly between individual sources. It shows a dependence on the position of the source within the Galactic center region. High abundances are found in those regions for which bar potential models predict a high likelihood for cloud-cloud collisions. These results can be used to relate the amount of gas that has encountered shocks within the last ~ 10^6 years to the large scale kinematics in the inner ~500pc of the Galaxy.

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arXiv1997

Molecular Gas in the Galactic Center Region II. Gas mass and N(H_2)/I(^12CO) conversion based on a C^18O(J = 1 -> 0) Survey

The large scale structure and physics of molecular gas in the Galactic center region is discussed based on the analysis of a 9' resolution survey of the Galactic center region in the J=1->0 line of C^18O. Emphasis is placed on the comparison with ^12CO(1--0) data. The line shapes of C^18O(1--0) and ^12CO(1--0) differ significantly. The ratio of the intensities of the two isotopomers in the Galactic center region is generally higher than the value of ~15 expected from the ``Standard Conversion Factor'' (SCF) of ^12CO integrated line intensity to H_2 column density. In our data, this ratio is in the range from 30 to 200, mostly ~60 to 80. From LVG calculations, we estimate that the large scale ^12CO(1--0) emission in the Galactic center region is of moderate or low optical depth. Higher optical depths are restricted to very limited regions. We estimate H_2 densities and kinetic temperatures for different ranges of intensity ratios. A considerable amount of molecular mass is in a widespread molecular gas component with low densities and high kinetic temperatures. The total molecular mass is found to be (3^+2_-1) 10^7 M_{sun}. We show that the SCF is not valid toward the Galactic bulge. It overestimates the H_2 column density by an order of magnitude because the assumptions required for this factor are not fulfilled for a significant fraction of the molecular gas. Therefore, also one cannot apply a modified conversion factor to the Galactic center region since the N(H_2)/I(^12CO) ratio is highly variable and cannot be represented by a universal constant. Results from external galaxies indicate that the ^12CO emission is generally not a suitable tracer of H_2 masses in galactic bulges.

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arXiv1997

Dense gas in nearby galaxies XI. H_2CO and CH_3OH: Molecular abundances and physical conditions

Multilevel observations of formaldehyde (H_2CO) and methanol (CH_3OH) toward the nearby spiral galaxies NGC 253, Maffei 2, IC 342, M 82 and NGC 6946 are presented. H_2CO was detected in all galaxies (tentatively in NGC 6946). CH_3OH was detected in all objects with the notable exception of M 82. H_2CO line intensity ratios point out differences in gas density both between galaxies and within the central regions of individual objects. Model calculations show that the bulk of the gas emitting H_2CO in NGC 253 is at a density of ~10^4 cm^-3 , while the H_2CO lines in M 82 and IC 342 trace two different, spatially separated gas components with densities of <= 10^4 cm^-3 and ~10^6 cm^-3. The south-western molecular hotspot in M 82 and the center of IC 342 are the regions with the highest density. Methanol is subthermally excited in all galaxies, with the lowest excitation temperatures found in IC 342. The CH_3OH abundance in NGC 253 and the non-starburst nuclei of IC 342 and Maffei 2 are comparable. A map of the 3_k-2_k lines in NGC 253 shows that CH_3OH traces clumpy structures better than other molecules requiring high gas density to be excited. CH_3OH toward M 82 is at least an order of magnitude less abundant than in otherwise comparable galaxies. This confirms the existence of global chemical differences, and thus very large scale variations in the state of the molecular gas phase, even between galaxies commonly classified as starburst nuclei.

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