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S. M. Roy

Publications and source records attributed to S. M. Roy.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Bell Inequalities and Maximally Realistic Causal Quantum Mechanics

The De Broglie-Bohm (DeBB)\cite{DeBB} Causal Quantum Mechanics played a crucial role in Bell's discovery \cite{Bell1964} that quantum mechanics violates EPR local reality \cite{EPR1935}, and also in Bell's search for an exact quantum mechanics. The experiments of Aspect et al \cite{Aspect1981} confirm quantum correlations between plane polarizations of two photons and violation of Bell's inequalities by a factor $\sqrt 2 $. I prove that similar experiments with elliptic polarizers can also show quantum violations of Bell's inequality by the same factor. I summarize our construction of a maximally realistic causal quantum mechanics in $n-$dimensional configuration space \cite{Roy-Singh1995}. Phase space Bell inequalities and 'Marginal Theorems' \cite{Auberson2002} play a crucial role.

quant-ph

Separability inequalities on N-qudit correlations exponentially stronger than local reality inequalities

I derive separability inequalities for Bell correlations of observables in arbitrary pure or mixed $N$ Qudit states in $D^N$-dimensional state space. I find states (a continuum of states if $D>3$) including maximally entangled states which violate these inequalities by a factor $2^{N-1}$ ; local reality Bell inequalities are much weaker, their maximum violation being by a factor $2^{(N-1)/2}$. The separability inequalities allow tests of entanglement of unknown states using only the measured correlations .

quant-ph

Arbitrarily large violations of non-contextuality in single mode photon states with positive Wigner function

Banaszek, Wódkiewicz and others (\cite{Banaszek},\cite{Chen},\cite{Chen-Zhang}) made the surprising discovery that Einstein-Bell locality inequalities can be violated by the two mode squeezed vacuum by a factor $\sqrt{2}$, in spite of the fact that the state has a positive Wigner function. I use here the more general Gleason-Kochen-Specker assumption of non-contextuality \cite{Gleason} to express classicality. I then derive non-contextuality Bell inequalities for correlations of $N$ pseudo spins embedded in an infinite dimensional continuous variable Hilbert space, and show that their maximum possible quantum violation is by a factor $2^{(N-1)/2}$. I find quantum states for which this maximum violation is reached. I also show that the familiar displaced squeezed vacuum for a single optical mode, which has a positive Wigner function, can violate the inequality by a factor $0.842 (\sqrt{2})^{N-1} $ for odd $N \geq 3$ . The arbitrarily large non-classicality means that realizations of the pseudo-spin measurements even in a single mode photon state might afford similar opportunities in quantum information tasks as entangled $N$ qubit systems with large $N$.

quant-ph

Maximal Entanglement and Teleportation using an Arthurs-Kelly type Interaction for Qubits

We study entanglement generation between a system qubit and three apparatus qubits using an exactly solvable Arthurs-Kelly type model. We demonstrate the possibility of generating an EPR-like maximally entangled system-apparatus state, in which the second qubit of the usual EPR state is replaced by a three qubit state. We design a very simple protocol to transfer the unknown state of the system onto one of the apparatus qubits which can then be sent elsewhere via a quantum channel. This protocol can be seen as an alternative teleportation scheme.

quant-ph

Rigorous Quantum Limits on Monitoring Free Masses and Harmonic Oscillators

There are heuristic arguments proposing that the accuracy of monitoring position of a free mass $m$ is limited by the standard quantum limit (SQL):$σ^2 (X(t)) \geq σ^2 (X(0)) +(t^2/m^2) σ^2 (P(0))\geq \hbar t/m$, where $σ^2 (X(t))$ and $σ^2 (P(t))$ denote variances of the Heisenberg representation position and momentum operators. Yuen discovered that there are contractive states for which this result is incorrect. Here I prove universally valid rigorous quantum limits (RQL) viz. rigorous upper and lower bounds on $σ^2 (X(t))$ in terms of $σ^2 (X(0))$ and $σ^2 (P(0))$ for a free mass, and for an oscillator. I also obtain the `maximally contractive' and `maximally expanding' states which saturate the RQL, and use the contractive states to set up an Ozawa-type measurement theory with accuracies respecting the RQL but beating the standard quantum limit. The Contractive states for oscillators improve on the Schrödinger coherent states of constant variance and may be useful for gravitational wave detection and optical communication.

quant-ph

A Lower Bound on Inelasticity in Pion-Pion Scattering

Assuming that the pion-pion scattering amplitude and its absorptive part are analytic inside an ellipse in $t$- plane with foci $t=0$, $u=0$ and right extremity $t=4 m_π^2 +ε$, ($ε> 0$), except for cuts prescribed by Mandelstam representation for $t\geq 4 m_π^2$, $u\geq 4 m_π^2$ , and bounded by $s^N$ on the boundary of this domain, we prove that for $s\rightarrow \infty$, σ_{inel} (s) > \frac{Const}{s^{5/2} }\exp {[-\frac{\sqrt{s}}{4} (N+5/2) \ln {s} ]}.

hep-ph

Pomeron pole plus grey disk model: real parts, inelastic cross sections and LHC data

I propose a two component analytic formula $F(s,t)=F^{(1)}(s,t)+F^{(2)}(s,t)$ for $(ab\rightarrow ab) +(a\bar{b}\rightarrow a\bar{b})$ scattering at energies $\ge 100 GeV$ ,where $s,t$ denote squares of c.m. energy and momentum transfer.It saturates the Froissart-Martin bound and obeys Auberson-Kinoshita-Martin (AKM) \cite{AKM1971} scaling. I choose $Im F^{(1)}(s,0)+Im F^{(2)}(s,0)$ as given by Particle Data Group (PDG) fits to total cross sections. The PDG formula is extended to non-zero momentum transfers using partial waves of $Im F^{(1)}$ and $Im F^{(2)}$ motivated by Pomeron pole and 'grey disk' amplitudes . $Re F(s,t)$ is deduced from real analyticity: I prove that $Re F(s,t)/ImF(s,0) \rightarrow (π/\ln{s}) d/dτ(τIm F(s,t)/ImF(s,0) )$ for $s\rightarrow \infty$ with $τ=t (ln s)^2$ fixed, and apply it to $F^{(2)}$.Using also the forward slope fit by Schegelsky-Ryskin , the model gives real parts,differential cross sections for $(-t)<.3 GeV^2$, and inelastic cross sections in good agreement with data at $546 GeV, 1.8 TeV,7 TeV$ and $ 8 TeV $. It predicts for inelastic cross sections for $pp$ or $\bar{p} p$, $σ_{inel}=72.7\pm 1.0 mb$ at $7TeV$ and $74.2 \pm 1.0mb$ at $8 TeV$ in agreement with $pp$ Totem experimental values $73.1\pm 1.3 mb $ and $74.7\pm 1.7 mb$ respectively, and with Atlas values $71.3\pm 0.9 mb$ and $71.7\pm 0.7mb$ respectively. The predictions at $546 GeV$ and $1800 GeV$ also agree with $\bar{p} p$ experimental results of Abe et al \cite{Abe} at $546 GeV$ and $1800 GeV$. The model yields for $\sqrt{s}> 0.5 TeV$, with PDG2013 total cross sections , and Schegelsky-Ryskin slopes as input, $σ_{inel} (s) =22.6 + .034 ln s + .158 (ln s)^2 mb , and σ_{inel} / σ_{tot} \rightarrow 0.56, s\rightarrow \infty ,$ where $s$ is in $GeV^2$

hep-ph

Froissart Bound on Inelastic Cross Section Without Unknown Constants

Assuming that axiomatic local field theory results hold for hadron scattering, André Martin and S. M. Roy recently obtained absolute bounds on the D-wave below threshold for pion-pion scattering and thereby determined the scale of the logarithm in the Froissart bound on total cross sections in terms of pion mass only. Previously, Martin proved a rigorous upper bound on the inelastic cross-section $σ_{inel}$ which is one-fourth of the corresponding upper bound on $σ_{tot}$, and Wu, Martin,Roy and Singh improved the bound by adding the constraint of a given $σ_{tot}$. Here we use unitarity and analyticity to determine, without any high energy approximation, upper bounds on energy averaged inelastic cross sections in terms of low energy data in the crossed channel. These are Froissart-type bounds without any unknown coefficient or unknown scale factors and can be tested experimentally. Alternatively, their asymptotic forms,together with the Martin-Roy absolute bounds on pion-pion D-waves below threshold, yield absolute bounds on energy-averaged inelastic cross sections. E.g. for $π^0 π^0$ scattering, defining $σ_{inel}=σ_{tot} -\big (σ^{π^0 π^0 \rightarrow π^0 π^0} + σ^{π^0 π^0 \rightarrow π^+ π^-} \big )$,we show that for c.m. energy $\sqrt{s}\rightarrow \infty $, $\barσ_{inel }(s,\infty)\equiv s\int_{s} ^{\infty } ds'σ_{inel }(s')/s'^2 \leq (π/4) (m_{π})^{-2} [\ln (s/s_1)+(1/2)\ln \ln (s/s_1) +1]^2$ where $1/s_1= 34π\sqrt{2π}\>m_{π}^{-2} $ . This bound is asymptotically one-fourth of the corresponding Martin-Roy bound on the total cross section, and the scale factor $s_1$ is one-fourth of the scale factor in the total cross section bound. The average over the interval (s,2s) of the inelastic $π^0 π^0 $cross section has a bound of the same form with $1/s_1$ replaced by $1/s_2=2/s_1 $.

hep-ph

Froissart Bound on Total Cross-section without Unknown Constants

We determine the scale of the logarithm in the Froissart bound on total cross-sections using absolute bounds on the D-wave below threshold for $ππ$ scattering. E.g. for $π^0 π^0$ scattering we show that for c.m. energy $\sqrt{s}\rightarrow \infty $, $\barσ_{tot}(s,\infty)\equiv s\int_{s} ^{\infty} ds'σ_{tot}(s')/s'^2 \leq π(m_π)^{-2} [\ln (s/s_0)+(1/2)\ln \ln (s/s_0) +1]^2$ where $m_π^2/s_0= 17π\sqrt{π/2} $ .

hep-ph

Remote Tomography Via von Neumann-Arthurs-Kelly Interaction

Teleportation usually involves entangled particles 1,2 shared by Alice and Bob, Bell-state measurement on particle 1 and system particle by Alice, classical communication to Bob, and unitary transformation by Bob on particle 2. We propose a novel method: interaction-based remote tomography. Alice arranges an entanglement generating von Neumann-Arthurs-Kelly interaction between the system and two apparatus particles, and then teleports the latter to Bob. Bob reconstructs the unknown initial state of the system not received by him by quadrature measurements on the apparatus particles .

quant-ph

Optimum Phase Space Probabilities From Quantum Tomography

We determine a positive normalised phase space probability distribution $P$ with minimum mean square fractional deviation from the Wigner distribution $W$ .The minimum deviation, an invariant under phase space rotations, is a quantitative measure of the quantumness of the state.The positive distribution closest to $W$ will be useful in quantum mechanics and in time frequency analysis .

quant-ph

Exact Quantum Correlations of Conjugate Variables From Joint Quadrature Measurements

We demonstrate that for two canonically conjugate operators $\hat{q},\hat {p} $,the global correlation $\langle \hat{q} \hat {p} + \hat{p} \hat {q} \rangle -2 \langle \hat{q}\rangle \langle \hat {p}\rangle$, and the local correlations $\langle \hat{q} \rangle (p) - \langle \hat{q}\rangle$ and $\langle \hat{p} \rangle (q)-\langle \hat {p}\rangle$ can be measured exactly by Von Neumann-Arthurs-Kelly joint quadrature measurements . These correlations provide a sensitive experimental test of quantum phase space probabilities quite distinct from the probability densities of $ q,p $. E.g. for EPR states, and entangled generalized coherent states, phase space probabilities which reproduce the correct position and momentum probability densities have to be modified to reproduce these correlations as well.

quant-ph

Joint Probabilities Reproducing Three EPR Experiments On Two Qubits

An eight parameter family of the most general nonnegative quadruple probabilities is constructed for EPR-Bohm-Aharonov experiments when only 3 pairs of analyser settings are used. It is a simultaneous representation of 3 Bohr-incompatible experimental configurations valid for arbitrary quantum states.

quant-ph

Exponentially Enhanced Quantum Metrology

We show that when a suitable entanglement generating unitary operator depending on a parameter is applied on N qubits in parallel, and an appropriate observable is measured, a precision of order 2 raised to the power (-N) in estimating the parameter may be achieved. This exponentially improves the precision achievable in classical and in quantum non-entangling parallel strategies. We propose a quantum-optics model of laser light interacting with an N-qubit system, say a polyatomic molecule, via a generalized Jaynes-Cummings interaction which, in principle, could achieve the exponentially enhanced precision.

quant-ph

Marginal distributions in $(\bf 2N)$-dimensional phase space and the quantum $(\bf N+1)$ marginal theorem

We study the problem of constructing a probability density in 2N-dimensional phase space which reproduces a given collection of $n$ joint probability distributions as marginals. Only distributions authorized by quantum mechanics, i.e. depending on a (complete) commuting set of $N$ variables, are considered. A diagrammatic or graph theoretic formulation of the problem is developed. We then exactly determine the set of ``admissible'' data, i.e. those types of data for which the problem always admits solutions. This is done in the case where the joint distributions originate from quantum mechanics as well as in the case where this constraint is not imposed. In particular, it is shown that a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the existence of solutions is $n\leq N+1$. When the data are admissible and the quantum constraint is not imposed, the general solution for the phase space density is determined explicitly. For admissible data of a quantum origin, the general solution is given in certain (but not all) cases. In the remaining cases, only a subset of solutions is obtained.

quant-ph

Bell Inequalities in Phase Space and their Violation in Quantum Mechanics

We derive ``Bell inequalities'' in four dimensional phase space and prove the following ``three marginal theorem'' for phase space densities $ρ(\overrightarrow{q},\overrightarrow{p})$, thus settling a long standing conjecture : ``there exist quantum states for which more than three of the quantum probability distributions for $(q_1,q_2)$, $(p_1,p_2)$, $(q_1,p_2)$ and $(p_1,q_2)$ cannot be reproduced as marginals of a positive $ρ(\overrightarrow{q},\overrightarrow{p})$''. We also construct the most general positive $ρ(\overrightarrow{q},\overrightarrow{p})$ which reproduces any three of the above quantum probability densities for arbitrary quantum states. This is crucial for the construction of a maximally realistic quantum theory.

quant-ph

Continuous Time-Dependent Measurements: Quantum Anti-Zeno Paradox with Applications

We derive differential equations for the modified Feynman propagator and for the density operator describing time-dependent measurements or histories continuous in time. We obtain an exact series solution and discuss its applications. Suppose the system is initially in a state with density operator $ρ(0)$ and the projection operator $E(t) = U(t) E U^\dagger(t)$ is measured continuously from $t = 0$ to $T$, where $E$ is a projector obeying $Eρ(0) E = ρ(0)$ and $U(t)$ a unitary operator obeying $U(0) = 1$ and some smoothness conditions in $t$. Then the probability of always finding $E(t) = 1$ from $t = 0$ to $T$ is unity. Generically $E(T) \neq E$ and the watched system is sure to change its state, which is the anti-Zeno paradox noted by us recently. Our results valid for projectors of arbitrary rank generalize those obtained by Anandan and Aharonov for projectors of unit rank.

quant-ph