arXiv subjects

S. Sako

Publications and source records attributed to S. Sako.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Diversity of Type Ia supernova optical light curves among different spectroscopic subclasses

Attempts to reveal the spectroscopic diversity of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have led to subclassification schemes such as the Branch system, which classifies SNe Ia into four categories: core normal (CN), broad line (BL), cool (CL), and shallow silicon (SS). The physical origin of these spectroscopic differences, including progenitor channels, explosion mechanisms, or other parameters, however, remains unclear. Moreover, previous work has concentrated primarily on properties near peak luminosity, yielding limited insight into their behavior at later epochs. In this study, we compile $UBVRI$ photometry for 109 SNe Ia and construct the first set of average light curves for each Branch subgroup, spanning from pre-maximum through the late tail. We find pronounced diversity in the $I$-band, especially in the timing of the secondary maximum across subgroups and in the late-time decline of CL events. After correcting for light curve stretch, which reflects the combined influence of ${}^{56}$Ni and ejecta masses, we show that the secondary maximum is powered by Fe II recombination, and its timing is particularly sensitive to the amount of stable iron-group elements (IGEs) synthesized in the explosion. This implies an anti-correlation between the mass of stable IGEs and ${}^{56}$Ni: CL (and possibly BL) events have a larger mass ratio of IGEs/$^{56}$Ni resulting in earlier secondary maxima, while SS events have a smaller ratio and thus later secondary maxima. This trend is naturally explained within the near-$M_{\rm Ch}$ delayed-detonation scenario, whereas it is inconsistent with the positive correlation predicted by the sub-$M_{\rm Ch}$ double-detonation scenario. Finally, we show that stretch-corrected late-time slopes provide a practical diagnostic for CL events, likely linked to an emission feature around $7,200$ Angstroms.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

Detection of highly correlated optical and X-ray variations in SS Cygni with Tomo-e Gozen and NICER

We report on simultaneous optical and X-ray observations of the dwarf nova SS Cyg with Tomo-e Gozen/1.05 m Kiso Schmidt and Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (it NICER) / International Space Station (ISS). A total of four observations were carried out in the quiescent state and highly correlated light variations between the two wavelengths were detected. We have extracted local brightness peaks in the light curves with a binning interval of 1 sec, called `shots', and have evaluated time lags between the optical and X-ray variations by using a cross-correlation function. Some shots exhibit significant optical lags to X-ray variations and most of them are positive ranging from $+$0.26 to 3.11 sec, which have never been detected. They may be ascribable to X-ray reprocessing in the accretion disk and/or the secondary star. This analysis is possible thanks to the high timing accuracy and the high throughput of NICER and the matching capability of Tomo-e Gozen. Also, it is confirmed that the correlation between the optical and X-ray variations changed in the middle of one of our observation windows and the X-ray spectrum softer than 2 keV varied in accordance with the correlation.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2015

High-resolution 25 μm imaging of the disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars

We imaged circumstellar disks around 22 Herbig Ae/Be stars at 25 μm using Subaru/COMICS and Gemini/T-ReCS. Our sample consists of equal numbers of objects belonging to the two categories defined by Meeus et al. (2001); 11 group I (flaring disk) and II (at disk) sources. We find that group I sources tend to show more extended emission than group II sources. Previous studies have shown that the continuous disk is hard to be resolved with 8 meter class telescopes in Q-band due to the strong emission from the unresolved innermost region of the disk. It indicates that the resolved Q-band sources require a hole or gap in the disk material distribution to suppress the contribution from the innermost region of the disk. As many group I sources are resolved at 25 μm, we suggest that many, not all, group I Herbig Ae/Be disks have a hole or gap and are (pre-)transitional disks. On the other hand, the unresolved nature of many group II sources at 25 μm supports that group II disks have continuous at disk geometry. It has been inferred that group I disks may evolve into group II through settling of dust grains to the mid-plane of the proto-planetary disk. However, considering growing evidence for the presence of a hole or gaps in the disk of group I sources, such an evolutionary scenario is unlikely. The difference between groups I and II may reflect different evolutionary pathways of protoplanetary disks.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2013

Physical Properties of Asteroid (308635) 2005 YU55 derived from multi-instrument infrared observations during a very close Earth-Approach

The near-Earth asteroid (308635) 2005 YU55 is a potentially hazardous asteroid which was discovered in 2005 and passed Earth on November 8th 2011 at 0.85 lunar distances. This was the closest known approach by an asteroid of several hundred metre diameter since 1976 when a similar size object passed at 0.5 lunar distances. We observed 2005 YU55 from ground with a recently developed mid-IR camera (miniTAO/MAX38) in N- and Q-band and with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 1.3 mm. In addition, we obtained space observations with Herschel/PACS at 70, 100, and 160 micron. Our thermal measurements cover a wide range of wavelengths from 8.9 micron to 1.3 mm and were taken after opposition at phase angles between -97 deg and -18 deg. We performed a radiometric analysis via a thermophysical model and combined our derived properties with results from radar, adaptive optics, lightcurve observations, speckle and auxiliary thermal data. We find that (308635) 2005 YU55 has an almost spherical shape with an effective diameter of 300 to 312 m and a geometric albedo pV of 0.055 to 0.075. Its spin-axis is oriented towards celestial directions (lam_ecl, beta_ecl) = (60 deg +/- 30deg, -60 deg +/- 15 deg), which means it has a retrograde sense of rotation. The analysis of all available data combined revealed a discrepancy with the radar-derived size. Our radiometric analysis of the thermal data together with the problem to find a unique rotation period might be connected to a non-principal axis rotation. A low to intermediate level of surface roughness (r.m.s. of surface slopes in the range 0.1 - 0.3) is required to explain the available thermal measurements. We found a thermal inertia in the range 350-800 Jm^-2s^-0.5K^-1, very similar to the rubble-pile asteroid (25143) Itokawa and indicating a mixture of low conductivity fine regolith with larger rocks and boulders of high thermal inertia on the surface.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2012

Mid-IR imaging of the transitional disk of HD169142: Measuring the size of the gap

The disk around the Herbig Ae star HD\,169142 was imaged and resolved at 18.8 and 24.5\,$μ$m using Subaru/COMICS. We interpret the observations using a 2D radiative transfer model and find evidence for the presence of a large gap. The MIR images trace dust that emits at the onset of the strong rise in the spectral energy distribution (SED) at 20\,$μ$m, therefore are very sensitive to the location and characteristics of the inner wall of the outer disk and its dust. We determine the location of the wall to be 23$^{+3}_{-5}$\,AU from the star. An extra component of hot dust must exist close to the star. We find that a hydrostatic optically thick inner disk does not produce enough flux in the NIR and an optically thin geometrically thick component is our solution to fit the SED. Considering the recent findings of gaps and holes in a number of Herbig Ae/Be group I disks, we suggest that such disk structures may be common in group I sources. Classification as group I should be considered a support for classification as a transitional disk, though improved imaging surveys are needed to support this speculation.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2011

The SPICA coronagraphic instrument (SCI) for the study of exoplanets

We present the SPICA Coronagraphic Instrument (SCI), which has been designed for a concentrated study of extra-solar planets (exoplanets). SPICA mission provides us with a unique opportunity to make high contrast observations because of its large telescope aperture, the simple pupil shape, and the capability for making infrared observations from space. The primary objectives for the SCI are the direct coronagraphic detection and spectroscopy of Jovian exoplanets in infrared, while the monitoring of transiting planets is another important target. The specification and an overview of the design of the instrument are shown. In the SCI, coronagraphic and non-coronagraphic modes are applicable for both an imaging and a spectroscopy. The core wavelength range and the goal contrast of the coronagraphic mode are 3.5--27$μ$m, and 10$^{-6}$, respectively. Two complemental designs of binary shaped pupil mask coronagraph are presented. The SCI has capability of simultaneous observations of one target using two channels, a short channel with an InSb detector and a long wavelength channel with a Si:As detector. We also give a report on the current progress in the development of key technologies for the SCI.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2010

Pre-transitional disk nature of the AB Aur disk

The disk around AB Aur was imaged and resolved at 24.6\,$μ$m using the Cooled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrometer on the 8.2m Subaru Telescope. The gaussian full-width at half-maximum of the source size is estimated to be 90 $\pm$ 6 AU, indicating that the disk extends further out at 24.6\,$μ$m than at shorter wavelengths. In order to interpret the extended 24.6\,$μ$m image, we consider a disk with a reduced surface density within a boundary radius $R_c$, which is motivated by radio observations that suggest a reduced inner region within about 100 AU from the star. Introducing the surface density reduction factor $f_c$ for the inner disk, we determine that the best match with the observed radial intensity profile at 24.6\,$μ$m is achieved with $R_c$=88 AU and $f_c$=0.01. We suggest that the extended emission at 24.6\,$μ$m is due to the enhanced emission from a wall-like structure at the boundary radius (the inner edge of the outer disk), which is caused by a jump in the surface density at $R_c$. Such reduced inner disk and geometrically thick outer disk structure can also explain the more point-like nature at shorter wavelengths. We also note that this disk geometry is qualitatively similar to a pre-transitional disk, suggesting that the AB Aur disk is in a pre-transitional disk phase.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2009

Direct detection of a flared disk around a young massive star HD200775 and its 10 to 1000AU scale properties

We made mid-infrared observations of the 10Msun Herbig Be star HD200775 with the Cooled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrometer (COMICS) on the 8.2m Subaru Telescope. We discovered diffuse emission of an elliptical shape extended in the north-south direction inabout 1000AU radius around unresolved excess emission. The diffuse emission is perpendicular to the cavity wall formed by the past outflow activity and is parallel to the projected major axis of the central close binary orbit. The centers of the ellipse contours of the diffuse emission are shifted from the stellar position and the amount of the shift increases as the contour brightness level decreases. The diffuse emission is well explained in all of geometry, size, and configuration by an inclined flared disk where only its surface emits the mid-infrared photons. Our results give the first well-resolved infrared disk images around a massive star and strongly support that HD200775 is formed through the disk accretion. The disk survives the main accretion phase and shows a structure similar to that around lower-mass stars with 'disk atmosphere'. At the same time, the disk also shows properties characteristic to massive stars such as photoevaporation traced by the 3.4mm free-free emission and unusual silicate emission with a peak at 9.2micron, which is shorter than that of many astronomical objects. It provides a good place to compare the disk properties between massive and lower-mass stars.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2008

Resolved 24.5 micron emission from massive young stellar objects

Massive young stellar objects (MYSO) are surrounded by massive dusty envelopes. Our aim is to establish their density structure on scales of ~1000 AU, i.e. a factor 10 increase in angular resolution compared to similar studies performed in the (sub)mm. We have obtained diffraction-limited (0.6") 24.5 micron images of 14 well-known massive star formation regions with Subaru/COMICS. The images reveal the presence of discrete MYSO sources which are resolved on arcsecond scales. For many sources, radiative transfer models are capable of satisfactorily reproducing the observations. They are described by density powerlaw distributions (n(r) ~ r^(-p)) with p = 1.0 +/-0.25. Such distributions are shallower than those found on larger scales probed with single-dish (sub)mm studies. Other sources have density laws that are shallower/steeper than p = 1.0 and there is evidence that these MYSOs are viewed near edge-on or near face-on, respectively. The images also reveal a diffuse component tracing somewhat larger scale structures, particularly visible in the regions S140, AFGL 2136, IRAS 20126+4104, Mon R2, and Cep A. We thus find a flattening of the MYSO envelope density law going from ~10 000 AU down to scales of ~1000 AU. We propose that this may be evidence of rotational support of the envelope (abridged).

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

A red supergiant nebula at 25 micron: arcsecond scale mass-loss asymmetries of mu Cep

We present diffraction limited (0.6") 24.5micron Subaru/COMICS images of the red supergiant mu Cep. We report the detection of a circumstellar nebula, that was not detected at shorter wavelengths. It extends to a radius of at least 6" in the thermal infrared. On these angular scales, the nebula is roughly spherical, in contrast, it displays a pronounced asymmetric morphology closer in. We simultaneously model the azimuthally averaged intensity profile of the nebula and the observed spectral energy distribution using spherical dust radiative transfer models. The models indicate a constant mass-loss process over the past 1000 years, for mass-loss rates a few times 10^(-7) Msun/yr. This work supports the idea that at least part of the asymmetries in shells of evolved massive stars and supernovae may be due to the mass-loss process in the red supergiant phase.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2004

On the Evolutionary State of the Components of the YLW 15 Binary System

We report centimeter continuum observations with the VLA and the VLBA as well as mid-infrared observations with COMICS/SUBARU toward the components of the YLW 15 very young binary system, VLA 1 and VLA 2. The centimeter emission of the two components traces partially thick free-free emission, likely due to collimated, ionized winds. VLA 1 is an embedded protostar, undetected in the near-IR, and possibly in the Class 0 to Class I transition and powering a Herbig-Haro outflow. Its mid-IR emission appears slightly resolved with a diameter of ~16 AU, possibly tracing circumstellar material from both the envelope and the disk. VLA 2 is a typical Class I object, unresolved in the mid-IR, and is the responsible of the strong X-ray emission associated with YLW 15. The expected centimeter ''peri-stellar'' emission associated with the X-ray emission is not detected with the VLBA at 6 cm likely due to the high optical depth of the free-free emission. Strikingly, the near to mid-IR properties of YLW 15 suggest that VLA 1 is a more embedded YSO, or alternatively, less luminous than VLA 2, whereas orbital proper motions of this binary system indicate that VLA 1 is more massive than VLA 2. This result is apparently against the expected evolutionary scenario, where one expects that the more massive YSO in a binary system is the more evolved and luminous YSO. Finally, the nearby source YLW 16A is detected with the VLA, its position coincides with reported near-IR and X-ray sources.

astro-ph↗