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S. Wolf

Publications and source records attributed to S. Wolf.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

{\sc precision}: A fast python pipeline for high-contrast imaging -- application to SPHERE observations of the red supergiant VX Sagitariae

The search for extrasolar planets has driven rapid advances in instrumentation, resulting in cameras such as SPHERE at the VLT, GPI at Gemini South and SCExAO at Subaru, capable of achieving very high contrast ($\sim10^{6}$) around bright stars with small inner working angles ($\sim 0\farcs{1}$). The optimal exploitation of data from these instruments depends on the availability of easy-to-use software to process and analyse their data products. We present a pure-python pipeline, {\sc precision}, which provides fast, memory-efficient reduction of data from the SPHERE/IRDIS near-infrared imager, and can be readily extended to other instruments. We apply {\sc precision} to observations of the extreme red supergiant VX~Sgr, the inner outflow of which is revealed to host complex, asymmetric structure in the near-IR. In addition, optical polarimetric imaging reveals clear extended polarised emission on $\sim0.5^{\prime\prime}$ scales which varies significantly with azimuth, confirming the asymmetry. While not conclusive, this could suggest that the ejecta are confined to a disc or torus, which we are viewing nearly face on, although other non-spherical or clumpy configurations remain possible. VX~Sgr has no known companions, making such a geometry difficult to explain, as there is no obvious source of angular momentum in the system.

astro-ph.SR↗

Tracing accretion variability of high-mass YSOs via light echoes

There is growing evidence for disk-mediated accretion being the dominant mode of star formation across nearly the whole stellar mass spectrum. The stochastic nature of this process has been realized which implies an inherent source variability. It can be traced more easily for low-mass YSOs (LMYSOs) since high-mass YSOs (HMYSOs) are still embedded even when reaching the ZAMS. While variable reflection nebulae around LMYSOs were among the earliest signs of star formation, little is known on the variability of scattered light from embedded clusters, the birthplaces of HMYSOs. Since the few most massive stars dominate this emission, their variability is literally reflected in scattered light. Moreover, because of their high luminosity, for a given ambient dust density and source distance, the associated nebulosities are much larger than those of LMYSOs. In this case, the light travel time becomes substantial. So the apparent brightness distribution constitutes a light echo, shaped by both the HMYSO variability history and the spatial distribution of the scattering medium. We report on early results of a NIR variability study of HMYSOs associated with Class II methanol masers which aims at revealing a possible correlation between maser flux density and infrared brightness. Additionally, relevant findings for the eruptive HMYSO S255IR-NIRS3 are presented.

astro-ph.GA↗

HD 169142 in the eyes of ZIMPOL/SPHERE

We present new data of the protoplanetary disc surrounding the Herbig Ae/Be star HD 169142 obtained in the very broad-band (VBB) with the Zurich imaging polarimeter (ZIMPOL), a sub-system of the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch instrument (SPHERE) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Our Polarimetric Differential Imaging (PDI) observations probe the disc as close as 0.03" (3.5au) to the star and are able to trace the disc out to ~1.08" (~126au). We find an inner hole, a bright ring bearing substructures around 0.18" (21au), and an elliptically shaped gap stretching from 0.25" to 0.47" (29-55au). Outside of 0.47", the surface brightness drops off, discontinued only by a narrow annular brightness minimum at ~0.63"-0.74" (74-87au). These observations confirm features found in less-well resolved data as well as reveal yet undetected indications for planet-disc interactions, such as small-scale structures, star-disk offsets, and potentially moving shadows.

astro-ph.EP↗

Magnetic fields in circumstellar disks: The potential of Zeeman observations

Context. Recent high angular resolution polarimetric continuum observations of circumstellar disks provide new insights into their magnetic field. However, direct constraints are limited to the plane of sky component of the magnetic field. Observations of Zeeman split spectral lines are a potential approach to enhance these insights by providing complementary information. Aims. We investigate which constraints for magnetic fields in circumstellar disks can be obtained from Zeeman observations of the $113~\mathrm{GHz}$ CN lines. Furthermore, we analyze the requirements to perform these observations and their dependence on selected quantities. Methods. We simulate the Zeeman splitting with the radiative transfer (RT) code POLARIS (Reissl et al. 2016) extended by our Zeeman splitting RT extension ZRAD (Brauer et al. 2017), which is based on the line RT code Mol3D (Ober et al. 2015). Results. We find that Zeeman observations of the $113~\mathrm{GHz}$ CN lines provide significant insights into the magnetic field of circumstellar disks. However, with the capabilities of recent and upcoming instrument/observatories, even spatially unresolved observations would be challenging. Nevertheless, these observations are feasible for the most massive disks with a strong magnetic field and high abundance of CN/H. The most restrictive quantity is the magnetic field strength, which should be at least in the order of $\sim1~\mathrm{mG}$. In addition, the inclination of the disk should be around $60°$ to preserve the ability to derive the line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic field strength and to obtain a sufficiently high circularly polarized flux.

astro-ph.SR↗

Spread of the dust temperature distribution in circumstellar disks

Accurate temperature calculations for circumstellar disks are particularly important for their chemical evolution. Their temperature distribution is determined by the optical properties of the dust grains, which, among other parameters, depend on their radius. However, in most disk studies, only average optical properties and thus an average temperature is assumed to account for an ensemble of grains with different radii. We investigate the impact of subdividing the grain radius distribution into multiple sub-intervals on the resulting dust temperature distribution and spectral energy distribution (SED). These quantities were computed for two different scenarios: (1) Radius distribution represented by 16 logarithmically distributed radius intervals, and (2) radius distribution represented by a single grain species with averaged optical properties (reference). Within the considered parameter range, i.e., of grain radii between 5 nm and 1 mm and an optically thin and thick disk with a parameterized density distribution, we obtain the following results: In optically thin disk regions, the temperature spread can be as large as ~63% and the relative grain surface below a certain temperature is lower than in the reference disk. With increasing optical depth, the difference in the midplane temperature and the relative grain surface below a certain temperature decreases. Furthermore, below ~20K, this fraction is higher for the reference disk than for the case of multiple grain radii, while it shows the opposite behavior for temperatures above this threshold. The thermal emission in the case of multiple grain radii at short wavelengths is stronger than for the reference disk. The freeze-out radius is a function of grain radius, spanning a radial range between the coldest and warmest grain species of ~30AU.

astro-ph.SR↗

3D radiative transfer of intrinsically polarized dust emission based on aligned aspherical grains

(Sub-)Millimeter observations of the polarized emission of aligned aspherical dust grains enable us to study the magnetic fields within protoplanetary disk. However, the interpretation of these observations is complex. One must consider the various effects that alter the measured polarized signal, such as the shape of dust grains, the efficiency of grain alignment, the magnetic field properties, and the projection of the signal along the line of sight. We aim at analyzing observations of the polarized dust emission by disentangling the effects on the polarization signal in the context of 3D radiative transfer simulations. For this purpose, we developed a code capable of simulating dust grain alignment of aspherical grains and intrinsical polarization of thermal dust emission. We find that the influence of thermal polarization and dust grain alignment on the polarized emission displayed as spatially resolved polarization map or as spectral energy distribution trace disk properties which are not traced in total (unpolarized) emission such as the magnetic field topology. The radiative transfer simulations presented in this work enable the 3D analysis of intrinsically polarized dust emission - observed with, e.g., ALMA - which is essential to constrain magnetic field properties.

astro-ph.SR↗

Collisions and drag in debris discs with eccentric parent belts

Context: High-resolution images of circumstellar debris discs reveal off-centred rings that indicate past or ongoing perturbation, possibly caused by secular gravitational interaction with unseen stellar or substellar companions. The purely dynamical aspects of this departure from radial symmetry are well understood. However, the observed dust is subject to additional forces and effects, most notably collisions and drag. Aims: To complement the studies of dynamics, we therefore aim to understand how new asymmetries are created by the addition of collisional evolution and drag forces, and existing ones strengthened or overridden. Methods: We augmented our existing numerical code "Analysis of Collisional Evolution" (ACE) by an azimuthal dimension, the longitude of periapse. A set of fiducial discs with global eccentricities ranging from 0 to 0.4 is evolved over giga-year timescales. Size distribution and spatial variation of dust are analysed and interpreted. The basic impact of belt eccentricity on spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and images is discussed. Results: We find features imposed on characteristic timescales. First, radiation pressure defines size cutoffs that differ between periapse and apoapse, resulting in an asymmetric halo. The differences in size distribution make the observable asymmetry of the halo depend on wavelength. Second, collisional equilibrium prefers smaller grains on the apastron side of the parent belt, reducing the effect of pericentre glow and the overall asymmetry. Third, Poynting-Robertson drag fills the region interior to an eccentric belt such that the apastron side is more tenuous. Interpretation and prediction of the appearance in scattered light is problematic when spatial and size distribution are coupled.

astro-ph.EP↗

Magnetic fields in molecular clouds: Limitations of the analysis of Zeeman observations

Context. Observations of Zeeman split spectral lines represent an important approach to derive the structure and strength of magnetic fields in molecular clouds. In contrast to the uncertainty of the spectral line observation itself, the uncertainty of the analysis method to derive the magnetic field strength from these observations is not been well characterized so far. Aims. We investigate the impact of several physical quantities on the uncertainty of the analysis method, which is used to derive the line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic field strength from Zeeman split spectral lines. Methods. We simulate the Zeeman splitting of the 1665 MHz OH line with the 3D radiative transfer (RT) extension ZRAD. This extension is based on the line RT code Mol3D (Ober et al. 2015) and has been developed for the POLArized RadIation Simulator POLARIS (Reissl et al. 2016). Results. Observations of the OH Zeeman effect in typical molecular clouds are not significantly affected by the uncertainty of the analysis method. We derived an approximation to quantify the range of parameters in which the analysis method works sufficiently accurate and provide factors to convert our results to other spectral lines and species as well. We applied these conversion factors to CN and found that observations of the CN Zeeman effect in typical molecular clouds are neither significantly affected by the uncertainty of the analysis method. In addition, we found that the density has almost no impact on the uncertainty of the analysis method, unless it reaches values higher than those typically found in molecular clouds. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the analysis method increases, if both the gas velocity and the magnetic field show significant variations along the line-of-sight. However, this increase should be small in Zeeman observations of most molecular clouds considering typical velocities of ~1 km/s.

astro-ph.GA↗

The origin of dust polarization in molecular outflows

Aims: In this paper we present a case study to investigate conditions necessary to detect a characteristic magnetic field substructure embedded in a large-scale field. A helical magnetic field with a surrounding hourglass shaped field is expected from theoretical predictions and self-consistent magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations to be present in the specific case of protostellar outflows. Hence, such an outflow environment is the perfect for our study. Methodes: We present synthetic polarisation maps in the infrared and millimeter regime of protostellar outflows performed with the newly developed RT and polarisation code POLARIS. The code, as the first, includes a self-consistent description of various alignement mechanism like the imperfect Davis-Greenstein (IDG) and the radiative torque (RAT) alignment. We investigate for which effects the grain size distribution, and applied alignement mechanism have. Results: We find that the IDG mechanism cannot produce any measurable polarization degree (< 1 %) whereas RAT alignment produced polarization degrees of a few 1 %. Furthermore, we developed a method to identify the origin of the polarization. We show that the helical magnetic field in the outflow can only be observed close to the outflow axis and at its tip, whereas in the surrounding regions the hourglass field in the foreground dominates the polarization. Furthermore, the polarization degree in the outflow lobe is lower than in the surroundings in agreement with observations. We also find that the orientation of the polarization vector flips around a few 100 micron due to the transition from dichroic extinction to thermal re-emission. Hence, in order to avoid ambiguities when interpreting polarization data, we suggest to observed in the far-infrared and mm regime. Finally, we show that with ALMA it is possible to observe the polarization emerging from protostellar outflows.

astro-ph.SR↗

Observability of characteristic binary-induced structures in circumbinary disks

Context: A substantial fraction of protoplanetary disks forms around stellar binaries. The binary system generates a time-dependent non-axisymmetric gravitational potential, inducing strong tidal forces on the circumbinary disk. This leads to a change in basic physical properties of the circumbinary disk, which should in turn result in unique structures that are potentially observable with the current generation of instruments. Aims: The goal of this study is to identify these characteristic structures, to constrain the physical conditions that cause them, and to evaluate the feasibility to observe them in circumbinary disks. Methods: To achieve this, at first two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations are performed. The resulting density distributions are post-processed with a 3D radiative transfer code to generate re-emission and scattered light maps. Based on these, we study the influence of various parameters, such as the mass of the stellar components, the mass of the disk and the binary separation on observable features in circumbinary disks. Results: We find that the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimetre Array (ALMA) as well as the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) are capable of tracing asymmetries in the inner region of circumbinary disks which are affected most by the binary-disk interaction. Observations at submillimetre/millimetre wavelengths will allow the detection of the density waves at the inner rim of the disk and the inner cavity. With the E-ELT one can partially resolve the innermost parts of the disk in the infrared wavelength range, including the disk's rim, accretion arms and potentially the expected circumstellar disks around each of the binary components.

astro-ph.SR↗

Magnetic field geometry of the large globule CB 34

We report the results of optical polarimetric observations of a Bok globule CB34 to study magnetic field structure on large scales ($10^5-10^6$ AU), which is combined with archival sub-mm observations to characterize the magnetic field structure of CB34 on small scales ($10^4 - 10^5$ AU). The optical polarization measurements indicate that the magnetic field in the globule is constrained to a maximum radius of $10^5$AU around the core, out to densities not smaller than $10^4$cm$^{-3}$. Our study is mainly concentrated on two submillimeter cores C1 and C2 of CB34. The direction of magnetic field of core C2 is found to be nearly perpendicular to the CO outflow direction of the globule. The magnetic field of core C1 is almost aligned with the minor axis of the core which is typical for magnetically dominated star formation models. The mean value of offset between the minor axis of core C2 and the outflow direction is found to be $14^\circ$ which suggests that the direction of the outflow is almost aligned with the minor axis of core C2. The magnetic field strength in the plane-of-sky for cores C1 and C2 is estimated to be $\approx 34μ$G and $\approx 70μ$G.

astro-ph.SR↗

The BCS-BEC crossover induced by a shallow band: Pushing standard superconductivity types apart

It is well-known that the appearance of almost-empty (shallow) conduction bands in solids strongly affects their superconducting properties. In a shallow band charge carriers are depleted and have nearly zero velocities so that the crossover from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluidity to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is approached. Based on a two-band prototype system with one shallow and one deep band, we demonstrate that the fundamental phase diagram of the superconducting magnetic response changes qualitatively as compared to standard superconductors with only deep bands. The so-called intertype (IT) domain between superconductivity types I and II systematically expands in the phase diagram when passing from the BCS to BEC side: its width is inversely proportional to the squared Cooper-pair radius that shrinks several orders of magnitude through the crossover. We also show that the coupling to a stable condensate of the deep band makes the system rather robust against the otherwise strong superconducting fluctuations. Thus, the BCS-BEC crossover induced by a shallow band pushes standard superconductivity types wide apart so that the IT domain tends to dominate the phase diagram and therefore the magnetic properties of shallow-band superconductors.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Science with MATISSE

We present an overview of the scientific potential of MATISSE, the Multi Aperture mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. For this purpose we outline selected case studies from various areas, such as star and planet formation, active galactic nuclei, evolved stars, extrasolar planets, and solar system minor bodies and discuss strategies for the planning and analysis of future MATISSE observations. Moreover, the importance of MATISSE observations in the context of complementary high-angular resolution observations at near-infrared and submillimeter/millimeter wavelengths is highlighted.

astro-ph.IM↗

An overview of the mid-infrared spectro-interferometer MATISSE: science, concept, and current status

MATISSE is the second-generation mid-infrared spectrograph and imager for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) at Paranal. This new interferometric instrument will allow significant advances by opening new avenues in various fundamental research fields: studying the planet-forming region of disks around young stellar objects, understanding the surface structures and mass loss phenomena affecting evolved stars, and probing the environments of black holes in active galactic nuclei. As a first breakthrough, MATISSE will enlarge the spectral domain of current optical interferometers by offering the L and M bands in addition to the N band. This will open a wide wavelength domain, ranging from 2.8 to 13 um, exploring angular scales as small as 3 mas (L band) / 10 mas (N band). As a second breakthrough, MATISSE will allow mid-infrared imaging - closure-phase aperture-synthesis imaging - with up to four Unit Telescopes (UT) or Auxiliary Telescopes (AT) of the VLTI. Moreover, MATISSE will offer a spectral resolution range from R ~ 30 to R ~ 5000. Here, we present one of the main science objectives, the study of protoplanetary disks, that has driven the instrument design and motivated several VLTI upgrades (GRA4MAT and NAOMI). We introduce the physical concept of MATISSE including a description of the signal on the detectors and an evaluation of the expected performances. We also discuss the current status of the MATISSE instrument, which is entering its testing phase, and the foreseen schedule for the next two years that will lead to the first light at Paranal.

astro-ph.IM↗

Incidence of debris discs around FGK stars in the solar neighbourhood

Debris discs are a consequence of the planet formation process and constitute the fingerprints of planetesimal systems. Their solar system's counterparts are the asteroid and Edgeworth-Kuiper belts. The aim of this paper is to provide robust numbers for the incidence of debris discs around FGK stars in the solar neighbourhood. The full sample of 177 FGK stars with d<20 pc proposed for the DUNES survey is presented. Herschel/PACS observations at 100 and 160 micron complemented with data at 70 micron, and at 250, 350 and 500 micron SPIRE photometry, were obtained. The 123 objects observed by the DUNES collaboration were presented in a previous paper. The remaining 54 stars, shared with the DEBRIS consortium and observed by them, and the combined full sample are studied in this paper. The incidence of debris discs per spectral type is analysed and put into context together with other parameters of the sample, like metallicity, rotation and activity, and age. The subsample of 105 stars with d<15 pc containing 23 F, 33 G and 49 K stars, is complete for F stars, almost complete for G stars and contains a substantial number of K stars to draw solid conclusions on objects of this spectral type. The incidence rates of debris discs per spectral type 0.26 (6 objects with excesses out of 23 F stars), 0.21 (7 out of 33 G stars) and 0.20 (10 out of 49 K stars), the fraction for all three spectral types together being 0.22 (23 out of 105 stars). Uncertainties corresponding to a 95% confidence level are given in the text for all these numbers. The medians of the upper limits of L_dust/L_* for each spectral type are 7.8E-7 (F), 1.4E-6 (G) and 2.2E-6 (K); the lowest values being around 4.0E-7. The incidence of debris discs is similar for active (young) and inactive (old) stars. The fractional luminosity tends to drop with increasing age, as expected from collisional erosion of the debris belts.

astro-ph.SR↗

Shallow-band superconductors: pushing superconductivity types apart

Magnetic response is a fundamental property of superconducting materials, which helps to distinguish two superconductivity types: the ideally diamagnetic type I and type II, which can develop the mixed state with Abrikosov vortices. We demonstrate that multi-band superconductors with one shallow band, that have recently attracted much attention for their high critical temperatures and unusual properties, often stay apart of this simple classification. In a wide range of microscopic parameters such systems fall into the inter-type or transitional interval in between the standard types and display unconventional mixed state configurations.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Gaps, rings, and non-axisymmetric structures in protoplanetary disks - Emission from large grains

Dust grains with sizes around (sub)mm are expected to couple only weakly to the gas motion in regions beyond 10 au of circumstellar disks. In this work, we investigate the influence of the spatial distribution of such grains on the (sub)mm appearance of magnetized protoplanetary disks. We perform non-ideal global 3D magneto-hydrodynamic stratified disk simulations including particles of different sizes (50 micron to 1 cm), using a Lagrangian particle solver. We calculate the spatial dust temperature distribution, including the dynamically coupled submicron-sized dust grains, and derive ideal continuum re-emission maps of the disk through radiative transfer simulations. Finally, we investigate the feasibility to observe specific structures in the thermal re-emission maps with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The pressure bump close to the outer edge of the dead-zone leads to particle trapping in ring structures. More specifically, vortices in the disk concentrate the dust and create an inhomogeneous distribution of the solid material in the azimuthal direction. The large-scale disk perturbations are preserved in the (sub)mm re-emission maps. The observable structures are very similar to those expected to result from planet-disk interaction. The larger dust particles increase the brightness contrast between gap and ring structures. We find that rings, gaps and the dust accumulation in the vortex could be traced with ALMA down to a scale of a few astronomical units in circumstellar disks located in nearby star-forming regions. Finally, we present a brief comparison of these structures with those recently found with ALMA in the young circumstellar disks of HL Tau and Oph IRS 48.

astro-ph.EP↗

On the origins of polarization holes in Bok globules

Context. Polarimetric observations of Bok globules frequently show a decrease in the degree of polarization towards their central dense regions (polarization holes). This behaviour is usually explained with increased disalignment owing to high density and temperature, or insufficient angular resolution of a possibly complex magnetic field structure. Aims. We investigate whether a significant decrease in polarized emission of dense regions in Bok globules is possible under certain physical conditions. For instance, we evaluate the impact of optical depth effects and various properties of the dust phase. Methods. We use radiative transfer modelling to calculate the temperature structure of an analytical Bok globule model and simulate the polarized thermal emission of elongated dust grains. For the alignment of the dust grains, we consider a magnetic field and include radiative torque and internal alignment. Results. Besides the usual explanations, selected conditions of the temperature and density distribution, the dust phase and the magnetic field are also able to significantly decrease the polarized emission of dense regions in Bok globules. Taking submm/mm grains and typical column densities of existing Bok globules into consideration, the optical depth is high enough to decrease the degree of polarization by up to ΔP~10%. If limited to the densest regions, dust grain growth to submm/mm size and accumulated graphite grains decrease the degree of polarization by up to ΔP~10% and ΔP~5%, respectively. However, the effect of the graphite grains occurs only if they do not align with the magnetic field.

astro-ph.SR↗