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ST Tsou

Publications and source records attributed to ST Tsou.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2023

A vacuum transition in the FSM with a possible new take on the horizon problem in cosmology

The framed standard model (FSM), constructed to explain the empirical mass and mixing patterns of quarks and leptons, gives the same result as the standard model in almost all areas in particle physics where it has been successfully applied, except for a few deviations such as the W mass and the g-2 of muons, where experiment is showing departures from what SM predicts. It predicts further the existence of a hidden sector of particles which may function as dark matter. In this paper, we first note that the above results involve the FSM undergoing a vacuum transition at a scale of around 17 MeV, where the vev's of the colour framons which are all nonzero above that scale acquire some vanishing components below it. This implies that the metric pertaining to these vanishing components would vanish also. Consequences should then ensue, mostly in the unknown hidden sector where empirical confirmation is hard at present to come by, but they give small reflections in the standard sector, some of which may have already been seen. However, one notes that if one imagines colour to be embedded, Kaluza-Klein fashion, into a higher dimensional space-time, then this VTR1 would cause 2 of the compactified dimensions to collapse. This might mean that when the universe cooled to the corresponding temperature of $10^{11}$K when it was about $10^{-3}$s old, this VTR1 collapse would cause the 3 spatial dimensions of the universe to expand to compensate. The resultant expansion is estimated, using FSM parameters previously determined from particle physics, to be capable, when extrapolated backwards in time, of bringing the present universe back inside the then horizon, solving thus formally the horizon problem. Besides, VTR1 being a global phenomenon in the FSM, it would switch on and off automatically and simultaneously over all space, thus requiring no additional strategy for a graceful exit.

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arXiv2022

Resolving an ambiguity of Higgs couplings in the FSM, greatly improving thereby the model's predictive range and prospects

We show that, after resolving what was thought to be an ambiguity in the Higgs coupling, the FSM gives, apart from two extra terms (i) and (ii) to be specified below, an effective action in the standard sector which has the same form as the SM action, the two differing only in the values of the mass and mixing parameters of quarks and leptons which the SM takes as inputs from experiment while the FSM obtains as a result of a fit with a few parameters. Hence, to the accuracy that these two sets of parameters agree in value, and they do to a good extent as shown in earlier work, the FSM should give the same result as the SM in all the circumstances wherethe latter has been successfully applied, except for the noted modifications due to (i) and (ii). If so, it would be a big step forward for the FSM. The correction terms are: (i) a mixing between the SM's $\gamma - Z$ with a new vector boson in the hidden sector, (ii) a mixing between the standard Higgs with a new scalar boson also in the hidden sector. And these have been shown a few years back to lead to (i$'$) an enhancement of the $W$ mass over the SM value \cite{zmixed}, and (ii$'$) effects consistent with the $g - 2$ and some other anomalies, precisely the two deviations from the SM reported by experiments \cite{Wmassnew,g-2new} recently much in the news.

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arXiv2022

Two variations on the theme of Yang and Mills -- the SM and the FSM

The standard model (SM) is viewed as a variation on the Yang-Mills theory with gauge symmetry $u(1) \times su(2) \times su(3)$, in which the flavour symmetry is framed and to which 3 generations of quarks and leptons are appended as inputs from experiment. The framed standard model (FSM) is then a further variation on the SM in which the colour symmetry is also framed, where the 3 generations now follow as consequences together with their characteristic mass and mixing patterns. In addition, the FSM yields as a bonus a solution to the strong CP problem leading to a unified treatment seemingly of all known CP physics for both quarks and leptons. It predicts, however, also a "hidden" sector populated by particles yet unknown, hence full both of promises (e.g.\ dark matter?) and of threats, which is just beginning to be explored (i) with a modified Weinberg mixing and (ii) with the $g-2$ and some other anomalies.

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arXiv2015

The Framed Standard Model (II) - A first Test against Experiment

Apart from the qualitative features described in \cite{chm}, the renormalization group equation derived for the rotation of the fermion mass matrices are amenable to quantitative study. The equation depends on a coupling and a fudge factor and, on integration, on 3 integration constants. Its application to data analysis, however, requires the input from experiment of the heaviest generation masses $m_t, m_b, m_τ, m_{ν_3}$ all of which are known, except for $m_{ν_3}$. Together then with the theta-angle in the QCD action, there are in all 7 real unknown parameters. Determining these 7 parameters by fitting to the experimental values of the masses $m_c, m_μ, m_e$, the CKM elements $|V_{us}|, |V_{ub}|$, and the neutrino oscillation angle $\sin^2θ_{13}$, one can then calculate and compare with experiment the following 12 other quantities $m_s, m_u/m_d, |V_{ud}|, |V_{cs}|, |V_{tb}|, |V_{cd}|, |V_{cb}|, |V_{ts}|, |V_{td}|, J, \sin^2 2θ_{12}, \sin^2 2θ_{23}$, and the results all agree reasonably well with data, often to within the stringent experimental error now achieved. Counting the predictions not yet measured by experiment, this means that 17 independent parameters of the standard model are now replaced by 7 in the FSM.

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arXiv2015

The Framed Standard Model (I) - A Physics Case for Framing the Yang-Mills Theory?

Introducing, in the underlying gauge theory of the Standard Model, the frame vectors in internal space as field variables (framons), in addition to the usual gauge boson and matter fermions fields, one obtains: * the standard Higgs scalar as the framon in the electroweak sector; * a global $\widetilde{su}(3)$ symmetry dual to colour to play the role of fermion generations. Renormalization via framon loops changes the orientation in generation space of the vacuum, hence also of the mass matrices of leptons and quarks, thus making them rotate with changing scale $μ$. From previous work, it is known already that a rotatiing mass matrix will lead automatically to: * CKM mixing and neutrino oscillations, * hierarachical masses for quarks and leptons, * a solution to the strong-CP problem transforming the theta-angle into a Kobayashi-Maskawa phase. Here in the FSM, the renormalization group equation has some special properties which explain the main qualitative feaures seen in experiment both for mixing matrices of quarks and leptons, and for their mass spectrum. Quantitative results will be given in (II). The paper ends with some tentative predictions on Higgs decay, and with some speculations on the origin of dark matter.

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arXiv2014

A First Test of the Framed Standard Model against Experiment

The framed standard model (FSM) is obtained from the standard model by incorporating, as field variables, the frame vectors (vielbeins) in internal symmetry space. It gives the standard Higgs boson and 3 generations of quarks and leptons as immediate consequences. It gives moreover a fermion mass matrix of the form: $m = m_T αα^\dagger$, where $α$ is a vector in generation space independent of the fermion species and rotating with changing scale, which has already been shown to lead, generically, to up-down mixing, neutrino oscillations and mass hierarchy. In this paper, pushing the FSM further, one first derives to 1-loop order the RGE for the rotation of $α$, and then applies it to fit mass and mixing data as a first test of the model. With 7 real adjustable parameters, 18 measured quantities are fitted, most (12) to within experimental error or to better than 0.5 percent, and the rest (6) not far off. (A summary of this fit can be found in Table 2 in the text.) Two notable features, both generic to FSM, not just specific to the fit, are: (i) that a theta-angle of order unity in the instanton term in QCD would translate via rotation into a Kobayashi-Maskawa phase in the CKM matrix of about the observed magnitude ($J \sim 10^{-5}$), (ii) that it would come out correctly that $m_u<m_d$, despite the fact that $m_t \gg m_b, m_c \gg m_s$. Of the 18 quantities fitted, 12 are deemed independent in the usual formulation of the standard model. In fact, the fit gives a total of 17 independent parameters of the standard model, but 5 of these have not been measured by experiment.

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arXiv2003

Mass and mixing of fermions from a rotating mass matrix

We summarize the results showing that all existing data on mixing between up and down fermion states (i.e. CKM matrix and neutrino oscillations) and on the hierarchical quark and lepton mass ratios between generations are consistent with the two phenomena being both consequences of a mass matrix rotating in generation space with changing energy scale. Thus the rotation of the mass matrix can be traced over some 14 orders of magnitude in energy from the mass scale of the $t$-quark at 175 GeV to below that of the atmospheric neutrino at 0.05 eV.

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arXiv2003

Updates to the Dualized Standard Model on Fermion Masses and Mixings

The Dualized Standard Model has scored a number of successes in explaining the fermion mass hierarchy and mixing pattern. This note contains updates to those results including (a) an improved treatment of neutrino oscillation free from previous assumptions on neutrino masses, and hence admitting now the preferred LMA solution to solar neutrinos, (b) an understanding of the limitation of the 1-loop calculation so far performed, thus explaining the two previous discrepancies with data, and (c) an analytic derivation and confirmation of the numerical results previously obtained.

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arXiv2003

Fermion mass and mixing patterns from a rotating mass matrix

It is shown that all existing data on mixing between up and down fermion states (i.e. CKM matrix and neutrino oscillations) and on the hierarchical quark and lepton mass ratios between generations are consistent with the two phenomena being both consequences of a mass matrix rotating in generation space with changing energy scale. As a result, the rotation of the mass matrix can be traced over some 14 orders of magnitude in energy from the mass scale of the $t$-quark at 175 GeV to below that of the atmospheric neutrino at 0.05 eV. This is a summary of recent work done in collaboration with Chan Hong-Mo and Jose Bordes.

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arXiv2002

Circumstantial Evidence for Rotating Mass Matrix from Fermion Mass and Mixing Data

It is shown that existing data on the mixing between up and down fermion states and on the hierarchical mass ratios between fermion generations, as far as can be so analysed at present, are all consistent with the two phenomena being both consequences of a mass matrix rotating in generation space with changing energy scale. As a result, the rotating mass matrix can be traced over some 14 orders of magnitude in energy from the mass scale of the $t$-quark at 175 GeV to below that of the atmospheric neutrino at 0.05 eV.

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arXiv2001

Kinematical Lepton Transmutation in $e^+ e^-$ Collision and Vector Boson Decay

The change in orientation in generation space (rotation) of the fermion mass matrix with changing scales can lead to flavour-violations through just the kinematics of a non-diagonal mass matrix. Such effects for the reactions: $e^+ e^- \longrightarrow e^\pm μ^\mp, e^\pm τ^\mp, μ^\pm τ^\mp$, and for the decays of vector bosons into the same channels, are calculated following a method suggested earlier which gives the differential cross section for each reaction and the branching ratio for each decay mode in terms of an overall normalization depending only on the speed at which the mass matrix rotates. A rotation speed estimated earlier, under certain assumptions from the fermion mixing angles and mass ratios, is found to give the above effects at a level readily detectable in modern high sensitivity experiments such as Bepc, Cleo, BaBar and Belle, at least in principle. The observation of these effects would not only confirm the concept of a rotating mass matrix with a significance on par with the running coupling constant, but also offer some valuable insight into the origin of fermion generations. However, a negative result cannot unfortunately rule out the rotating mass matrix since the effects deduced here from this mechanism alone could in principle be cancelled by other rotation effects.

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arXiv2001

Electric-Magnetic Duality and the Dualized Standard Model

In these lectures I shall explain how a new-found nonabelian duality can be used to solve some outstanding questions in particle physics. The first lecture introduces the concept of electromagnetic duality and goes on to present its nonabelian generalization in terms of loop space variables. The second lecture discusses certain puzzles that remain with the Standard Model of particle physics, particularly aimed at nonexperts. The third lecture presents a solution to these problems in the form of the Dualized Standard Model, first proposed by Chan and the author, using nonabelian dual symmetry. The fundamental particles exist in three generations, and if this is a manifestation of dual colour symmetry, which by 't Hooft's theorem is necessarily broken, then we have a natural explanation of the generation puzzle, together with tested and testable consequences not only in particle physics, but also in astrophysics, nuclear and atomic physics. Reported is mainly work done in collaboration with Chan Hong-Mo, and also various parts with Peter Scharbach, Jacqueline Faridani, José Bordes, Jakov Pfaudler, Ricardo Gallego severally.

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arXiv2000

Yang--Mills duality as origin of generations, quark mixing and neutrino oscillations

The origin of fermion generations is one of the great mysteries in particle physics. We consider here a possible solution within the Standard Model framework based on a nonabelian generalization of electric-magnetic duality. First, nonabelian duality says that dual to the colour (electric) symmetry SU(3), there is a ``colour magnetic symmetry'' $\widetilde{SU}(3)$, which by a result of 't~Hooft is spontaneously broken and can thus play the role of the "horizontal symmetry" of generations. Second, nonabelian duality suggests the manner this symmetry is broken with frame vectors in internal symmetry space acting as Higgs fields. As a result, mass matrices factorize leading to fermion mass hierarchy. A calculation to first order gives mixing (CKM and MNS) matrices in general agreement with experiment. In particular, quark mixing is seen naturally to be weak compared with leptons, while within the lepton sector, $μ-τ$ mixing turns out near maximal but $e-τ$ mixing small, just as seen in recent $ν$ oscillation experiments. In addition, the scheme leads to many testable predictions ranging from rare FCNC meson decays and $μ-e$ conversion in nuclei to cosmic ray air showers above $10^{20}$ eV.

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arXiv2000

Photo-Transmutation of Leptons

By photo-transmutation of leptons we mean photon-lepton reactions of the following type: $γl_α\longrightarrow γl_β$ with $l_α\neq l_β$, occurring as a consequence of the lepton mass matrix changing its orientation (rotating) under changing scales. In this paper, we first discuss these reactions in general terms, then proceed to the calculation of their cross sections in two specific schemes, one within the framework of the conventional Standard Model, the other being the so-called Dualized Standard Model we ourselves advocate. Although the cross section obtained is generally small the calculation reveals certain special circumstances where these reactions may be accessible to experiment, for example with virtual photons in LEP for $γe \longrightarrow γτ$, and in BEPC for $γe \longrightarrow γμ$.

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