HALO: Hierarchical Auction-assisted Learning for Offloading in SAGIN
In this paper, we investigate delay-aware task offloading and resource scheduling in a three-tier space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN) consisting of IoT devices, UAV edge nodes, and a high-altitude platform station (HAPS). We formulate joint task association and continuous resource control (including bandwidth, transmit power, and CPU frequency allocation) as a non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, which is inherently NP-hard. To capture fine-grained system dynamics, we introduce a macro-micro slot model that tracks cumulative transmission and computation progress over time. Based on this model, we propose HALO, a hierarchical auction-assisted learning framework that combines auction-based task association with hierarchical Proximal Policy Optimization (HPPO) for resource allocation. Simulation results under different traffic loads show that HALO consistently outperforms representative deep reinforcement learning (DRL) baselines. In particular, HALO achieves an average improvement of 3.06 percentage points in task success rate over PPO (corresponding to a 3.4% relative gain) and shows consistently greater robustness than DDPG and SAC, with relative improvements of 10.6% and 4.8%, respectively. These results highlight HALO's ability to maintain stable and efficient performance under varying traffic conditions, making it well-suited for delay-sensitive SAGIN environments.