Strongly meager sets do not form an ideal
A set X subseteq R is strongly meager if for every measure zero set H, X+H not= R. Let SM denote the collection of strongly meager sets. We show that assuming CH, SM is not an ideal.
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arXiv subjects
Saharon Shelah
Publications and source records attributed to Saharon Shelah.
Large localizations of finite simple groups
A group homomorphism eta:H-->G is called a localization of H if every homomorphism phi:H-->G can be `extended uniquely' to a homomorphism Phi:G-->G in the sense that Phi eta=phi. Libman showed that a localization of a finite group need not be finite. This is exemplified by a well-known representation A_n-->SO_{n-1}(R) of the alternating group A_n, which turns out to be a localization for n even and n>9. Dror Farjoun asked if there is any upper bound in cardinality for localizations of A_n. In this paper we answer this question and prove, under the generalized continuum hypothesis, that every non abelian finite simple group H, has arbitrarily large localizations. This shows that there is a proper class of distinct homotopy types which are localizations of a given Eilenberg--Mac Lane space K(H,1) for any non abelian finite simple group H.
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On a question of Grinblat
We prove the consistency of the following statement: for some kappa<2^{aleph_0}, there is a kappa-complete ideal on kappa such that the Boolean algebra P(kappa)/I is sigma-centered and there are Q-sets of reals.
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A continuation of [DjSh:691]
We continue to investigate club guessing (see [Sh:g, Ch III] and [Sh:e, Ch VI]), continuing Dzamonja and Shelah [DjSh:691]
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On equivalence relations Sigma_1^1-definable over H(kappa)
Let kappa be an uncountable regular cardinal. Call an equivalence relation on functions from kappa into 2 Sigma_1^1-definable over H(kappa) if there is a first order sentence F and a parameter R subseteq H(kappa) such that functions f,g:kappa --> 2 are equivalent iff for some h:kappa --> 2, the structure (H(kappa),in,R,f,g,h) satisfies F, where in, R, f, g, and h are interpretations of the symbols appearing in F. All the values mu, 1 leq mu leq kappa^+ or mu=2^kappa, are possible numbers of equivalence classes for such a Sigma_1^1-equivalence relation. Additionally, the possibilities are closed under unions of <=kappa-many cardinals and products of <kappa-many cardinals. We prove that, consistent wise, these are the only restrictions under the singular cardinal hypothesis. The result is that the possible numbers of equivalence classes of Sigma_1^1-equivalence relations might consistent wise be exactly those cardinals which are in a prearranged set, provided that the singular cardinal hypothesis holds and that some necessary conditions are fulfilled.
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The number of L_{infty,kappa}-equivalent non-isomorphic models for kappa weakly compact
For a cardinal kappa and a model M of cardinality kappa let No(M) denote the number of non-isomorphic models of cardinality kappa which are L_{infty,kappa}--equivalent to M. In [Sh:133] Shelah established that when kappa is a weakly compact cardinal and mu<=kappa is a nonzero cardinal, there exists a model M of cardinality kappa with No(M)=mu. We prove here that if kappa is a weakly compact cardinal, the question of the possible values of No(M) for models M of cardinality kappa is equivalent to the question of the possible numbers of equivalence classes of equivalence relations which are Sigma^1_1-definable over V_kappa. In math.LO/9911231 we prove that, consistent wise, the possible numbers of equivalence classes of Sigma^1_1-equivalence relations can be completely controlled under the singular cardinal hypothesis. These results settle the problem of the possible values of No(M) for models of weakly compact cardinality, provided that the singular cardinal hypothesis holds.
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On cardinalities in quotients of inverse limits of groups
Let lambda be aleph_0 or a strong limit of cofinality aleph_0. Suppose that (G_m,p_{m,n}:m =< n G_n such that all the diagrams commute. If for every mu<lambda there exists (f_i in G_omega:i<mu) such that for distinct i,j we have: f_i f_j^{-1} notin h_omega(H_omega), then there exists (f_i in G_omega:i<2^lambda) such that for distinct i,j we have f_i f_j^{-1} notin h_omega(H_omega).
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On versions of clubsuit on cardinals larger than aleph_1
We give two results on guessing unbounded subsets of lambda^+. The first is a positive result and applies to the situation of lambda regular and at least equal to aleph_3, while the second is a negative consistency result which applies to the situation of lambda a singular strong limit with 2^lambda>lambda^+. The first result shows that in ZFC there is a guessing of unbounded subsets of S^{lambda^+}_lambda. The second result is a consistency result (assuming a supercompact cardinal exists) showing that a natural guessing fails. A result of Shelah in math.LO/9808140 shows that if 2^lambda=lambda^+ and lambda is a strong limit singular, then the corresponding guessing holds. Both results are also connected to an earlier result of Dzamonja and Shelah in which they showed that a certain version of clubsuit holds at a successor of singular just in ZFC. The first result here shows that a result of math.LO/9601219 can to a certain extent be extended to the successor of a regular. The negative result here gives limitations to the extent to which one can hope to extend this result.
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Strong splitting in stable homogeneous models
We study elementary submodels of a stable homogeneous structure. We improve the independence relation defined in [T. Hyttinen, On nonstructure of elementary submodels of a stable homogeneous structure, Fundamenta Mathematicae, 156(1998): 167-182]. We apply this to prove a structure theorem. We also show that dop and sdop are essentially equivalent, where the negation of dop is the property we use in our structure theorem and sdop implies nonstructure.
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On the weak Freese-Nation property of complete Boolean algebras
The following results are proved: (a) In a model obtained by adding aleph_2 Cohen reals, there is always a c.c.c. complete Boolean algebra without the weak Freese-Nation property. (b) Modulo the consistency strength of a supercompact cardinal, the existence of a c.c.c. complete Boolean algebras without the weak Freese-Nation property consistent with GCH. (c) Under some consequences of the negation of 0^#, the weak Freese-Nation property of (P(omega),subseteq) is equivalent to the weak Freese-Nation property of any of C(kappa) or R(kappa) for uncountable kappa. (d) Modulo consistency of (aleph_{omega+1},aleph_omega)-->(aleph_1,aleph_0), it is consistent with GCH that the assertion in (c) does not hold and also that adding aleph_omega Cohen reals destroys the weak Freese-Nation property of (P(omega),subseteq)
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On what I do not understand (and have something to say), model theory
This is a non-standard paper, containing some problems, mainly in model theory, which I have, in various degrees, been interested in. Sometimes with a discussion on what I have to say; sometimes, of what makes them interesting to me, sometimes the problems are presented with a discussion of how I have tried to solve them, and sometimes with failed tries, anecdote and opinion. So the discussion is quite personal, in other words, egocentric and somewhat accidental. As we discuss many problems, history and side references are erratic, usually kept at a minimum ("See..." means: see the references there and possibly the paper itself). The base were lectures in Rutgers Fall '97 and reflect my knowledge then. The other half, math.LO/9906113, concentrating on set theory, is in print, but the two halves are independent. We thank A. Blass, G. Cherlin and R. Grossberg for some corrections.
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Cotorsion Theories and Splitters
Let R be a subring of the rationals. We want to investigate self splitting R-modules G that is Ext_R(G,G)=0 holds and follow Schultz to call such modules splitters. Free modules and torsion-free cotorsion modules are classical examples for splitters. Are there others? Answering an open problem by Schultz we will show that there are more splitters, in fact we are able to prescribe their endomorphism R-algebras with a free R-module structure. As a byproduct we are able to answer a problem of Salce showing that all rational cotorsion theories have enough injectives and enough projectives.
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Almost free splitters
Let R be a subring of the rationals. We want to investigate self splitting R-modules G that is Ext_R(G,G)=0 holds. For simplicity we will call such modules splitters. Our investigation continues math.LO/9910159. In math.LO/9910159, we answered an open problem by constructing a large class of splitters. Classical splitters are free modules and torsion-free, algebraically compact ones. In math.LO/9910159 we concentrated on splitters which are larger then the continuum and such that countable submodules are not necessarily free. The `opposite' case of aleph_1-free splitters of cardinality less or equal to aleph_1 was singled out because of basically different techniques. This is the target of the present paper. If the splitter is countable, then it must be free over some subring of the rationals by a result of Hausen. We can show that all aleph_1-free splitters of cardinality aleph_1 are free indeed.
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Infinitary Axiomatizability of Slender and Cotorsion-Free Groups
The classes of slender and cotorsion-free abelian groups are axiomatizable in the infinitary logics L_{infty,omega_1} and L_{infty,omega}, respectively. The Baer-Specker group Z^omega is not L_{infty,omega_1}-equivalent to a slender group.
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On Some Configurations Related to the Shelah Weak Hypothesis
We show that some cardinal arithmetic configurations related to the negation of the Shelah Weak Hypothesis and natural from the forcing point of view are impossible.
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On the number of L_{infty,omega_1}-equivalent non-isomorphic models
We prove that if ZF is consistent then ZFC+GCH is consistent with the following statement: There is for every k<omega a model of cardinality aleph_1 which is L_{infty,omega_1}-equivalent to exactly k non-isomorphic models of cardinality aleph_1. In order to get this result we introduce ladder systems and colourings different from the ``standard'' counterparts, and prove the following purely combinatorial result: For each prime number p and positive integer m it is consistent with ZFC+GCH that there is a ``good'' ladder system having exactly p^m pairwise nonequivalent colourings.
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A non-reflexive Whitehead group
We prove that it is consistent that there is a non-reflexive Whitehead group, in fact one whose dual group is free. We also prove that it is consistent that there is a group A such that Ext(A,Z) is torsion and Hom(A,Z)=0. As an application we show the consistency of the existence of new co-Moore spaces.
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Rigid aleph_epsilon-saturated models of superstable theories
In a countable superstable NDOP theory, the existence of a rigid aleph_epsilon-saturated model implies the existence of 2^lambda rigid aleph_epsilon-saturated models of power lambda for every lambda>2^{aleph_0}.
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