arXiv subjects

Saif Khan Mohammed

Publications and source records attributed to Saif Khan Mohammed.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Low-complexity Equalization of Zak-OTFS Via Neumann Series

We describe a general method for selecting an orthonormal basis of carrier waveforms that aligns the basis with delay / Doppler characteristics of a wireless channel. We show that our method enables low-complexity equalization for two channels of practical interest. The first is satellite communication and the second is communication from a ground station to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). After Doppler compensation both scenarios are characterized by a first line of sight (LOS) path with zero delay and zero Doppler shift, and a second weaker path. We show that our method is robust to fractional delay and Doppler shifts. We consider orthonormal bases of carrier waveforms that are obtained from the pulsone basis of Zak-OTFS carrier waveforms by applying a generalization of the discrete affine Fourier transform (GDAFT). This family of waveforms includes AFDM and other modulations proposed for 6G. What distinguishes these bases is that the carrier waveforms are common eigenvectors of some maximal commutative subgroup S of a Heisenberg-Weyl group of discrete delay and Doppler shifts. We describe how to choose S to mitigate the damaging effects of interference between carriers. We represent the wireless channel by delay-Doppler taps and observe that a channel tap located within S multiplies every waveform by a complex phase. If all channel taps are located within S, then the channel multiplies every waveform by a complex phase, and a single tap equalizer supports reliable communication. This is the case for a linear time-invariant (LTI) channel, where S is the group of discrete time shifts and the carrier waveforms are discrete tones (OFDM). In general, we choose the subgroup S to maximize the diagonal component of the channel energy.

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arXiv2026

Inter-frame Channel Prediction for Zak-OTFS

Zak-Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation is known to be robust to Doppler spread in high mobility scenarios when compared to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). This is due to the fact that the channel response to a Zak-OTFS carrier within a frame can be accurately estimated from the channel response to another carrier within the same frame. However, an important open problem and question is whether inter-frame channel prediction is possible with Zak-OTFS, i.e., is it possible to accurately predict the channel response to a Zak-OTFS carrier in a frame based on knowledge of the channel response to some Zak-OTFS carrier in \emph{another} frame (i.e., not the same frame). In this paper we show that indeed inter-frame channel prediction is possible. We show that the effective DD domain channel filter coefficients vary in a deterministic manner as we move from current to future frames in time and frequency. We also show that the subspace spanned by channel filter coefficients of consecutive frames in time/frequency is invariant to discrete shifts in time and frequency. We exploit the deterministic variation and subspace invariance to propose a novel deterministic ESPIRIT-type method which uses the effective DD domain channel filter taps/coefficients estimated in training frames (i.e., current/past frames in time and frequency having both pilot and data carriers) to predict the effective DD domain channel filter for frames which are several tens of frames in future and several tens of frames away in frequency.

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arXiv2026

MIMO Zak-OTFS: Channel Estimation, Detection, and Throughput Analysis

Zak-Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (Zak-OTFS) modulation has demonstrated substantial performance gains over cyclic-prefix orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) in highly time- and frequency-selective channels. In this paper, we extend Zak-OTFS to a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) framework. We first derive a complete system model for MIMO Zak-OTFS based directly on the physical multipath channel; ours is the first work to do so. We then propose an efficient channel estimation method using structured pilot placement in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain. The proposed approach is evaluated under the standardized CDL-C channel model, demonstrating that the advantages of Zak-OTFS observed in SISO scenarios extend to MIMO systems, particularly its robustness to Doppler and inter-carrier interference (ICI). We identify a fundamental crossover behavior: CP-OFDM performs slightly better at low SNR and low Doppler, while Zak-OTFS excels at higher SNR or under severe Doppler dispersion. Furthermore, we show that the crossover points for SNR and Doppler shift inversely to each other. We also observe that Zak-OTFS, particularly with MIMO, exhibits increased sensitivity to high values of pilot-to-data power ratio (PDR), but has a similar optimal PDR as CP-OFDM.

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arXiv2026

Improving Doppler Resilience of OFDM through Delay-Doppler Sensing

The performance of traditional CP-OFDM degrades severely in doubly-spread wireless channels due to inter-carrier interference (ICI). In this paper, we propose DD domain sensing based CP-OFDM where we transmit a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) pilot signal overlaid on CP-OFDM data carriers. At the receiver, DD domain signal processing is used to acquire the effective DD domain channel filter which is stationary in the DD domain. From this DD domain estimate, we derive the complete frequency domain (FD) input-output (I/O) relation between CP-OFDM carriers, acquiring which is otherwise difficult with traditional time-frequency signal processing. Using this FD I/O relation, we estimate the received FD pilot signal which is then canceled from the received FD signal, resulting in a data-only signal. Joint detection of all CP-OFDM data carriers from this data-only signal equalizes the effect of ICI. Numerical simulations of the standardized 3GPP TDL-C channel shows that in high mobility scenarios, the proposed DD domain sensing based CP-OFDM achieves significantly better spectral efficiency when compared to that achieved by traditional CP-OFDM.

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arXiv2026

Does 6G Need a New Waveform: Comparing Zak-OTFS with CP-OFDM

Across the world, there is growing interest in new waveforms, Zak-OTFS in particular, and over-the-air implementations are starting to appear. The choice between OFDM and Zak-OTFS is not so much a choice between waveforms as it is an architectural choice between preventing inter-carrier interference (ICI) and embracing ICI. In OFDM, once the Input-Output (I/O) relation is known, equalization is relatively simple, at least when there is no ICI. However, in the presence of ICI the I/O relation is non-predictable and its acquisition is non-trivial. In contrast, equalization is more involved in Zak-OTFS due to inter-symbol-interference (ISI), however the I/O relation is predictable and its acquisition is simple. {Zak-OTFS exhibits superior performance in doubly-spread 6G use cases with high delay/Doppler channel spreads (i.e., high mobility and/or large cells), but architectural choice is governed by the typical use case, today and in the future. What is typical depends to some degree on geography, since large delay spread is a characteristic of large cells which are the rule rather than the exception in many important wireless markets.} This paper provides a comprehensive performance comparison of cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) and Zak-OTFS across the full range of 6G propagation environments. The performance results provide insights into the fundamental architectural choice.

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arXiv2025

Discrete Radar based on Modulo Arithmetic

Zak-OTFS is modulation scheme where signals are formed in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain, converted to the time domain (DD) for transmission and reception, then returned to the DD domain for processing. We describe how to use the same architecture for radar sensing. The intended delay resolution is $\frac{1}{B}$ where $B$ is the radar bandwidth, and the intended Doppler resolution is $\frac{1}{T}$ where $T$ is the transmission time. We form a radar waveform in the DD domain, illuminate the scattering environment, match filter the return, then correlate with delay and Doppler shifts of the transmitted waveform. This produces an image of the scattering environment, and the radar ambiguity function expresses the blurriness of this image. The possible delay and Doppler shifts generate the continuous Heisenberg-Weyl group which has been widely studied in the theory of radar. We describe how to approach the problem of waveform design, not from the perspective of this continuous group, but from the perspective of a discrete group of delay and Doppler shifts, where the discretization is determined by the intended delay and Doppler resolution of the radar. We describe how to approach the problem of shaping the ambiguity surface through symplectic transformations that normalize our discrete Heisenberg-Weyl group. The complexity of traditional continuous radar signal processing is $\mathcal{O}\big(B^2T^2\big)$. We describe how to reduce this complexity to $\mathcal{O}\big(BT\log T\big)$ by choosing the radar waveform to be a common eigenvector of a maximal commutative subgroup of our discrete Heisenberg-Weyl group. The theory of symplectic transformations also enables defining libraries of optimal radar waveforms with small peak-to-average power ratios.

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arXiv2025

Low-Complexity Equalization of Zak-OTFS in the Frequency Domain

4G/5G wireless standards use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) which is robust to frequency selectivity. Equalization is possible with a single tap filter, and low-complexity equalization makes OFDM an attractive physical layer. However the performance of OFDM degrades with mobility, since Doppler spreads introduce inter-carrier interference (ICI) between subcarriers and they are no longer orthogonal. Zak-transform based orthogonal time frequency space (Zak-OTFS) modulation has been shown to be robust to doubly selective channels. Zak-OTFS signals are formed in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain, converted to time domain (TD) for transmission and reception, then returned to the DD domain for processing. The received signal is a superposition of many attenuated copies since the doubly selective channel introduces delay and Doppler shifts. The received symbols are more difficult to equalize since they are subject to interference along both delay and Doppler axes. In this paper, we propose a new low-complexity method of equalizing Zak-OTFS in the frequency domain (FD). We derive the FD system model and show that it is unitarily equivalent to the DD system model. We show that the channel matrix in the FD is banded, making it possible to apply conjugate gradient methods to reduce the complexity of equalization. We show that complexity of FD equalization is linear in the dimension of a Zak-OTFS frame. For comparison the complexity of naive MMSE equalization is cubic in the frame dimension. Through numerical simulations we show that FD equalization of Zak-OTFS achieves similar performance as equalization in DD domain.

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arXiv2025

Zak-OTFS over CP-OFDM

Zak-Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (Zak-OTFS) modulation has been shown to achieve significantly better performance compared to the standardized Cyclic-Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM), in high delay/Doppler spread scenarios envisaged in next generation communication systems. Zak-OTFS carriers are quasi-periodic pulses in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain, characterized by two parameters, (i) the pulse period along the delay axis (``delay period") (Doppler period is related to the delay period), and (ii) the pulse shaping filter. An important practical challenge is enabling support for Zak-OTFS modulation in existing CP-OFDM based modems. In this paper we show that Zak-OTFS modulation with pulse shaping constrained to sinc filtering (filter bandwidth equal to the communication bandwidth $B$) followed by time-windowing with a rectangular window of duration $(T + T_{cp})$ ($T$ is the symbol duration and $T_{cp}$ is the CP duration), can be implemented as a low-complexity precoder over standard CP-OFDM. We also show that the Zak-OTFS de-modulator with matched filtering constrained to sinc filtering (filter bandwidth $B$) followed by rectangular time windowing over duration $T$ can be implemented as a low-complexity post-processing of the CP-OFDM de-modulator output. This proposed ``Zak-OTFS over CP-OFDM" architecture enables us to harness the benefits of Zak-OTFS in existing network infrastructure. We also show that the proposed Zak-OTFS over CP-OFDM is a family of modulations, with CP-OFDM being a special case when the delay period takes its minimum possible value equal to the inverse bandwidth, i.e., Zak-OTFS over CP-OFDM with minimum delay period.

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arXiv2025

Zak-OTFS based Multiuser Uplink in Doubly-Spread Channels

Wireless users with different characteristics will be expected to share spectrum in next generation communication networks. One of the great strengths of wireless networks based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the ease with which different non-overlapping time-frequency (TF) resources can be allocated to different users by simply shifting each user's signal in time and frequency. However, a significant weaknesses of OFDM is the inflexibility of sub-carrier spacing. Since OFDM does not allow users to have different sub-carrier spacing, a single user subject to inter-carrier interference causes carrier spacing to increase for all users. Zak-OTFS is an alternative delay-Doppler (DD) domain modulation scheme, where, in contrast to OFDM, the Input-Output (I/O) relation is predictable. We match the strength of OFDM by designing a novel DD domain method of shaping the transmitted Zak-OTFS pulse on the uplink that enables flexible non-overlapping TF resource allocation. The base station (BS) receives a superposition of uplink signals and applies individual matched filters to obtain the data specific to individual users. We develop theoretical measures of interference between users, and present numerical simulations for a vehicular channel model representative of next generation propagation environments. We demonstrate single-user performance in a multiuser Zak-OTFS uplink system without needing to provision guard bands between TF resources allocated to different users. These performance results demonstrate that the benefits of a predictable Zak-OTFS waveform can be realized within an architecture for uplink communication.

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arXiv2025

Precoded Zak-OTFS for Per-Carrier Equalization

In Zak-OTFS (orthogonal time frequency space) modulation the carrier waveform is a pulse in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain, formally a quasi-periodic localized function with specific periods along delay and Doppler. When the channel delay spread is less than the delay period, and the channel Doppler spread is less than the Doppler period, the response to a single Zak-OTFS carrier provides an image of the scattering environment and can be used to predict the effective channel at all other carriers. The image of the scattering environment changes slowly, making it possible to employ precoding at the transmitter. Precoding techniques were developed more than thirty years ago for wireline modem channels (V.34 standard) defined by linear convolution where a pulse in the time domain (TD) is used to probe the one-dimensional partial response channel. The action of a doubly spread channel on Zak-OTFS modulation determines a two-dimensional partial response channel defined by twisted convolution, and we develop a novel precoding technique for this channel. The proposed precoder leads to separate equalization of each DD carrier which has significantly lower complexity than joint equalization of all carriers. Further, the effective precoded channel results in non-interfering DD carriers which significantly reduces the overhead of guard carriers separating data and pilot carriers, which improves the spectral efficiency significantly.

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arXiv2025

Low-Complexity Frequency Domain Equalization of Zak-OTFS in Doubly-Spread Channels

We communicate over wireless channels by first estimating and then equalizing the effective channel. In Zak-OTFS (orthogonal time frequency space) modulation the carrier waveform is a pulse in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain, formally a quasi-periodic localized function with specific periods along delay and Doppler. When the channel delay spread is less than the delay period, and the channel Doppler spread is less than the Doppler period, the response to a single Zak-OTFS carrier provides an image of the scattering environment and can be used to predict the effective channel at all other carriers. This makes DD domain channel estimation straightforward, and there is no loss in spectral efficiency since it is possible to design data and pilot signals that are mutually unbiased. However, equalization in the DD domain has high complexity ${\mathcal O}(M^3N^3)$ where $M$, $N$ are respectively the number of delay and Doppler bins in an OTFS frame, and $MN$ is the number of information symbols. We demonstrate that equalization in the frequency domain (FD) reduces complexity to only ${\mathcal O}(M^2 N^2)$ by taking advantage of the banded structure of the effective FD channel. We also derive a low-complexity method to reconstruct the effective FD channel from the estimated DD domain effective channel.

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arXiv2025

Zak-OTFS to Integrate Sensing the I/O Relation and Data Communication

The Zak-OTFS input/output (I/O) relation is predictable and non-fading when the delay and Doppler periods are greater than the effective channel delay and Doppler spreads, a condition which we refer to as the crystallization condition. The filter taps can simply be read off from the response to a single Zak-OTFS point (impulse) pulsone waveform, and the I/O relation can be reconstructed for a sampled system that operates under finite duration and bandwidth constraints. Predictability opens up the possibility of a model-free mode of operation. The time-domain realization of a Zak-OTFS point pulsone is a pulse train modulated by a tone, hence the name, pulsone. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of a pulsone is about $15$ dB, and we describe a general method for constructing a spread pulsone for which the time-domain realization has a PAPR of about 6dB. We construct the spread pulsone by applying a type of discrete spreading filter to a Zak-OTFS point pulsone. The self-ambiguity function of the point pulsone is supported on the period lattice $Λ_{p}$, and by applying a discrete chirp filter, we obtain a spread pulsone with a self-ambiguity function that is supported on a rotated lattice ${Λ^*}$. We show that if the channel satisfies the crystallization conditions with respect to ${Λ^*}$ then the effective DD domain filter taps can simply be read off from the cross-ambiguity between the channel response to the spread pulsone and the transmitted spread pulsone. If, in addition, the channel satisfies the crystallization conditions with respect to the period lattice $Λ_{p}$, then in an OTFS frame consisting of a spread pilot pulsone and point data pulsones, after cancelling the received signal corresponding to the spread pulsone, we can recover the channel response to any data pulsone.

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arXiv2025

Waveform for Next Generation Communication Systems: Comparing Zak-OTFS with OFDM

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arXiv2025

Zak-OTFS for Identification of Linear Time-Varying Systems

Linear time-varying (LTV) systems model radar scenes where each reflector/target applies a delay, Doppler shift and complex amplitude scaling to a transmitted waveform. The receiver processes the received signal using the transmitted signal as a reference. The self-ambiguity function of the transmitted signal captures the cross-correlation of delay and Doppler shifts of the transmitted waveform. It acts as a blur that limits resolution, at the receiver, of the delay and Doppler shifts of targets in close proximity. This paper considers resolution of multiple targets and compares performance of traditional chirp waveforms with the Zak-OTFS waveform. The self-ambiguity function of a chirp is a line in the delay-Doppler domain, whereas the self-ambiguity function of the Zak-OTFS waveform is a lattice. The advantage of lattices over lines is better localization, and we show lattices provide superior noise-free estimation of the range and velocity of multiple targets. When the delay spread of the radar scene is less than the delay period of the Zak-OTFS modulation, and the Doppler spread is less than the Doppler period, we describe how to localize targets by calculating cross-ambiguities in the delay-Doppler domain. We show that the signal processing complexity of our approach is superior to the traditional approach of computing cross-ambiguities in the continuous time / frequency domain.

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arXiv2025

A Novel Precoder for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OTFS Systems

We consider the issue of high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulated signals. This paper proposes a low-complexity novel iterative PAPR reduction method which achieves a PAPR reduction of roughly 5 dB when compared to a OTFS modulated signal without any PAPR compensation. Simulations reveal that the PAPR achieved by the proposed method is significantly better than that achieved by other state-of-art methods. Simulations also reveal that the error rate performance of OTFS based systems with the proposed PAPR reduction is similar to that achieved with the other state-of-art methods.

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arXiv2024

Zak-OTFS with Interleaved Pilots to Extend the Region of Predictable Operation

When the delay period of the Zak-OTFS carrier is greater than the delay spread of the channel, and the Doppler period of the carrier is greater than the Doppler spread of the channel, the effective channel filter taps can simply be read off from the response to a single pilot carrier waveform. The input-output (I/O) relation can then be reconstructed for a sampled system that operates under finite duration and bandwidth constraints. We introduce a framework for pilot design in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain which makes it possible to support users with very different delay-Doppler characteristics when it is not possible to choose a single delay and Doppler period to support all users. The method is to interleave single pilots in the DD domain, and to choose the pilot spacing so that the I/O relation can be reconstructed by solving a small linear system of equations.

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arXiv2024

Delay-Doppler Signal Processing with Zadoff-Chu Sequences

Much of the engineering behind current wireless systems has focused on designing an efficient and high-throughput downlink to support human-centric communication such as video streaming and internet browsing. This paper looks ahead to design of the uplink, anticipating the emergence of machine-type communication (MTC) and the confluence of sensing, communication, and distributed learning. We demonstrate that grant-free multiple access is possible even in the presence of highly time-varying channels. Our approach provides a pathway to standards adoption, since it is built on enhancing the 2-step random access procedure which is already part of the 5GNR standard. This 2-step procedure uses Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences as preambles that point to radio resources which are then used to upload data. We also use ZC sequences as preambles / pilots, but we process signals in the Delay-Doppler (DD) domain rather than the time-domain. We demonstrate that it is possible to detect multiple preambles in the presence of mobility and delay spread using a receiver with no knowledge of the channel other than the worst case delay and Doppler spreads. Our approach depends on the mathematical properties of ZC sequences in the DD domain. We derive a closed form expression for ZC pilots in the DD domain, we characterize the possible self-ambiguity functions, and we determine the magnitude of the possible cross-ambiguity functions. These mathematical properties enable detection of multiple pilots through solution of a compressed sensing problem. The columns of the compressed sensing matrix are the translates of individual ZC pilots in delay and Doppler. We show that columns in the design matrix satisfy a coherence property that makes it possible to detect multiple preambles in a single Zak-OTFS subframe using One-Step Thresholding (OST), which is an algorithm with low complexity.

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arXiv2024

Zak-OTFS and Turbo Signal Processing for Joint Sensing and Communication

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