Electric Field Attenuation Techniques for Inductive Wireless Charging of Medical Implants
Inductive wireless charging of implantable medical devices necessitates careful control of magnetic and electric field emissions to meet strict safety regulations while delivering sufficient power. When designing a comfortable wireless charger that can operate over distances ranging to 10cm or more, it is difficult not to exceed the most stringent E-field limit of 83~V/m. This paper investigates electric field attenuation techniques for mid-range wireless power transfer at 6.78~MHz. Using \newacronym{fea}{FEA}{finite element analysis}\acrfull{fea} like Ansys \textregistered{} HFSS \texttrademark{}, three mitigation strategies are evaluated; (1) a high-permittivity dielectric shielding layer to absorb and redistribute electric fields, (2) multiple resonant tuning capacitors distributed along the transmitter coil to lower the voltage swing and confine high E-field regions, and (3) alternative coil-array transmitter topologies to spatially localize more confined E-fields. The results show that each technique significantly reduces the E-field magnitude without substantially affecting the H-field. Shielding the transmit coil attenuates the peak E-field from its initial 1416~V/m to 496~V/m, approximately a 65\% reduction. Distributing the tuning capacitance into sixteen smaller capacitors yields a drop from the 1416~V/m to 231~V/m, approximately a 84\% reduction. Both techniques preserve the required 8~A/m magnetic field. The third technique, a two-by-two coil array transmitter reduced the E-field from its 1416~V/m to 990~V/m (around 30\% reduction), though with a slight magnetic field redistribution. All three methods combined, the E-field was successfully attenuated to 82~V/m, just below the strictest limit, without compromising power transfer efficiency. This research demonstrates a feasible approach and framework to safely extend the application of wireless charging for medical implants.