arXiv subjects

Sameha Alshakhsi

Publications and source records attributed to Sameha Alshakhsi.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Adaptation and Validation of the Turkish Version of the Large Language Model Dependency Scale (LLM-D12)

This study aimed to adapt the Dual-Dimensional Scale of Instrumental and Relational Dependencies on Large Language Models (LLM-D12) into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties among regular LLM users. A sample of 387 participants (68.5% female; mean age = 25.22 +/- 7.13) completed the translated scale, which underwent cultural-linguistic validation through forward-backward translation and expert review. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure after removing one item, with strong model fit (CFI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.073). Internal consistency was high across both subscales: Cronbach's alpha = 0.831 (instrumental), 0.876 (relational), and 0.868 (total); McDonald's omega = 0.834, 0.880, and 0.900, respectively. Test-retest reliability and item monotonicity were satisfactory. External validity was demonstrated via significant associations with ATAI, IA, and PTLLM scores. Interestingly, the lack of association with need for cognition (NFC) suggests that LLM dependency may reflect strategic cognitive offloading rather than cognitive avoidance. The Turkish version of the LLM-D12 is a valid and reliable 11-item tool for assessing both instrumental and relational dependencies on LLMs.

stat.AP↗

arXiv2025

Protege Effect for Behaviour Change: Does Teaching Digital Stress Solutions to Others Reduce One's Own?

The prot\'eg\'e effect suggests that individuals learn a subject more effectively when they teach it to others. Can we therefore assume that when individuals with a problematic behaviour teach others about it and how to manage it, they become more likely to reduce and better manage that behaviour themselves? We address this question by evaluating a prot\'eg\'e based approach to reducing and managing digital stress (DS). Over three weeks, 137 participants with moderate-high DS were assigned to four groups. Two groups followed a prot\'eg\'e based approach: a passive group, given materials to teach, and an active group, given headlines and required to search for and prepare teaching content. Both groups completed three sessions, each focusing on one DS dimension: availability stress, approval anxiety, and fear of missing out. A digital literacy group received content and quizzes, alongside a control group. Outcomes included DS levels, problematic social media use, word of mouth, and issue involvement. Results showed no significant differences between groups. The findings highlight the difficulty of translating cognitive engagement into behavioural change. This study contributes empirical evidence to digital wellbeing literature by illustrating the challenges of enhancing digital wellbeing, potentially due to persistent digital habits and socially reinforced stressors.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2025

LLM-D12: A Dual-Dimensional Scale of Instrumental and Relational Dependencies on Large Language Models

There is growing interest in understanding how people interact with large language models (LLMs) and whether such models elicit dependency or even addictive behaviour. Validated tools to assess the extent to which individuals may become dependent on LLMs are scarce and primarily build on classic behavioral addiction symptoms, adapted to the context of LLM use. We view this as a conceptual limitation, as the LLM-human relationship is more nuanced and warrants a fresh and distinct perspective. To address this gap, we developed and validated a new 12-item questionnaire to measure LLM dependency, referred to as LLM-D12. The scale was based on the authors' prior theoretical work, with items developed accordingly and responses collected from 526 participants in the UK. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, performed on separate halves of the total sample using a split-sample approach, supported a two-factor structure: Instrumental Dependency (six items) and Relationship Dependency (six items). Instrumental Dependency reflects the extent to which individuals rely on LLMs to support or collaborate in decision-making and cognitive tasks. Relationship Dependency captures the tendency to perceive LLMs as socially meaningful, sentient, or companion-like entities. The two-factor structure demonstrated excellent internal consistency and clear discriminant validity. External validation confirmed both the conceptual foundation and the distinction between the two subscales. The psychometric properties and structure of our LLM-D12 scale were interpreted in light of the emerging view that dependency on LLMs does not necessarily indicate dysfunction but may still reflect reliance levels that could become problematic in certain contexts.

cs.HC↗