Lattice ultrasensitivity amplifies signals in E. coli without fine-tuning
The E. coli chemosensory lattice, consisting of receptors, kinases, and adaptor proteins, is an important test case for biochemical signal processing. Kinase output is characterized by precise adaptation to a wide range of background ligand levels and large gain in response to small relative changes in concentration. Existing models of this lattice achieve their gain through allosteric interactions between either receptors or core units of receptors and kinases. Here we introduce a model which operates through an entirely different mechanism in which receptors gate inherently far from equilibrium enzymatic reactions between neighboring kinases. Our lattice model achieves gain through a mechanism more closely related to zero-order ultrasensitivity than to allostery. Thus, we call it lattice ultrasensitivity (LU). Unlike other lattice critical models, the LU model can achieve arbitrarily high gain through time-scale separation, rather than through fine-tuning. The model also captures qualitative experimental results which are difficult to reconcile with existing models. We discuss possible implementations in the lattice's baseplate where long flexible linkers could potentially mediate interactions between neighboring core units.