Oxygen-induced Fe surface segregation at the $L1_0$-FePd(001)/graphene heterointerface for spintronics devices: a first-principles study
We theoretically investigate the atomic-scale structure of the heterointerface formed between the (001) surface of the $L1_0$-ordered iron palladium (FePd) intermetallic alloy and graphene (Gr), namely, $L1_0$-FePd(001)/Gr, which serves as an essential component in spintronic devices. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we demonstrate that the topmost surface layer consisting of Pd (Pd-terminated surface) is energetically more stable than that consisting of Fe in vacuum, and that Pd-terminated surfaces are unfavorable for graphene adsorption. In contrast, under an oxygen atmosphere, the strong Fe--O bonding stabilizes Fe-terminated surfaces. The predicted Fe--O bonds on the oxidized surface are consistent with our X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. These results reproduce the mechanism responsible for the graphene coverage observed in recent experiments. Similar oxygen-induced Fe surface segregation has been studied in heterogeneous catalysis on FePt and FePd alloys. In this work, we exploit this mechanism as a termination-engineering strategy to fabricate high-quality 2D-material/alloy heterointerfaces for nanoscale device applications.