Sch\"affer's matrix inequality: the exact asymptotic constant
Let $S_n$ denote the smallest constant such that \[ |\det T|\|T^{-1}\| \leq S_n \|T\|^{n-1} \] for every invertible operator $T$ on every $n$-dimensional complex Banach space. In Hilbert space the optimal constant is $1$. For arbitrary Banach spaces, J. J. Sch\"affer proved in 1970 that \[S_n\leq \sqrt{en}. \] Subsequent work showed that $S_n$ grows like $\sqrt n$, but the sharp asymptotic constant has remained open for more than five decades. We resolve this problem by proving \[ \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{S_n}{\sqrt n}=\sqrt e. \] Thus Sch\"affer's upper bound is asymptotically sharp, including its constant. Our proof is constructive, providing explicit Banach-space norms through duality and explicit matrices through the theory of model operators. At the analytic core of the argument, an extremal formulation of Sch\"affer's problem in the Wiener algebra reduces the matching asymptotic lower bound for $S_n$ to uniformly controlling the Taylor coefficients of products $QB_n$, where $B_n$ is a finite Blaschke product of degree $n$ and $Q$ is a polynomial factor. We optimize simultaneously the zero distribution of $B_n$ and the choice of $Q$. The resulting zeros follow a logarithmic asymptotic distribution, and a sharp uniform asymptotic analysis of the Taylor coefficients of $QB_n$ yields the constant $\sqrt e$. The corresponding model operators then yield matrices with these spectra that asymptotically attain Sch\"affer's bound.