Circular Kinks on the Surface of Granular Material Rotated in a Tilted Spinning Bucket
We find that circular kinks form on the surface of granular material when the axis of rotation is tilted more than the angle of internal friction of the material. Radius of the kinks is measured as a function of the spinning speed and the tilting angle. Stability consideration of the surface results in an explanation that the kink is a boundary between the inner unstable and outer stable regions. A simple cellular automata model also displays kinks at the stability boundary.
cond-mat.stat-mech↗