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Sarah Brown

Publications and source records attributed to Sarah Brown.

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E3VA: Enhancing Emotional Expressiveness in Virtual Conversational Agents

With the advent of generative AI and large language models, embodied conversational agents are becoming synonymous with online interactions. These agents possess vast amounts of knowledge but suffer from exhibiting limited emotional expressiveness. Without adequate expressions, agents might fail to adapt to users' emotions, which may result in a sub-optimal user experience and engagement. Most current systems prioritize content based responses, neglecting the emotional context of conversations. Research in this space is currently limited to specific contexts, like mental health. To bridge this gap, our project proposes the implementation of expressive features in a virtual conversational agent which will utilize sentiment analysis and natural language processing to inform the generation of empathetic, expressive responses. The project delivers a functional conversational agent capable of assessing and responding to user emotions accordingly. We posit this will enhance usability, engagement, and the overall quality of conversations and present results from an exploratory pilot study investigating the same.

cs.HC

AI Chatbots or Human Therapists? Belief-Based Predictors of Mental Health Help-Seeking Intentions in the Age of Generative AI

As generative artificial intelligence (GAI) enters the mental health landscape, questions arise about how individuals weigh AI tools against human therapists. This study examined belief-based predictors of intention to use GAI and therapists across two populations: a university sample (N = 1,155) and a nationally representative adult sample (N = 651). Using paired-sample t-tests following a MANOVA, we found that human therapists were viewed as providing greater emotional support and coping, relationship, and educational skills as well as being able to personalize treatment than GAI chatbots. In turn, GAI support was viewed as being more affordable and accessible. No differences between modalities were found with concerns about privacy, reliability, stigma, mental health literacy or help-seeking norms. Using LASSO regression, we examined how beliefs about each modality jointly shape help-seeking intentions. Across both samples, intentions to use either GAI or human therapists were most strongly associated with perceptions of interpersonal support, including emotional support, relational guidance, and personalization. Barriers differed across modalities: concerns about privacy and reliability were more strongly associated with reduced intention to use GAI, whereas structural constraints, particularly affordability, were more closely linked to human therapy use. These findings extend the Health Belief Model to a dual-modality context, demonstrating that help-seeking decisions reflect a comparative push-pull process in which barriers to one modality redirect users toward the other. Design implications are discussed for developing trustworthy, emotionally resonant GAI tools that complement rather than replace human care.

cs.HC