Self-localized ultrafast pencil beam for volumetric multiphoton imaging
The formation of organized optical states in multidimensional systems is crucial for understanding light-matter interaction and advancing light-shaping technologies. Here, we report the observation of a self-localized, ultrafast pencil beam near the critical power in a standard multimode fiber (MMF) and demonstrate its application in volumetric multiphoton imaging. We show that self-focusing in step-index MMFs, traditionally considered detrimental, can facilitate the formation of a nonlinear spatiotemporal localized state with a sidelobe-suppressed Bessel-like beam profile, exhibiting markedly improved stability and noise characteristics. By simply launching an overfilled on-axis Gaussian beam into a standard MMF, a high-quality ultrafast pencil beam can be generated through a self-localized process and readily integrated into an existing multiphoton point-scanning microscope. We apply this self-localized pencil beam to two-photon imaging of intact mouse enteric nervous systems, benchmarking with diffraction-limited Gaussian beams and outperforming conventional Bessel beams with reduced sidelobes and enhanced resilience to tissue-induced aberration. Finally, we monitor the transferrin uptake dynamics in a live human blood-brain barrier model by combining NAD(P)H-FAD-based metabolic phenotyping with minute-resolved 3D scans, revealing spatially and temporally resolved inter- and intra-cell heterogeneity. Our findings provide new insights into nonlinear dynamics of multidimensional optical systems and offer a promising approach for generating robust ultrafast pencil beams, enabling high-throughput 3D biosystem imaging to elucidate biological transport pathways and guide the design of therapeutics requiring cell-specific delivery.