arXiv subjects

Sebastian Golat

Publications and source records attributed to Sebastian Golat.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Dipole light-matter interactions in the bispinor formalism

The conventional formulation of power absorption, optical forces, and torques on dipolar particles involve lenghty and cumbersome expressions that obscure their shared physical origin. We apply a bispinor formalism that unifies these disparate phenomena in a very general case including chiral and nonreciprocal particles. This reveals that force, torque, absorbed power, and absorbed helicity rate can all be concisely expressed in terms of broken symmetries, and leads to the fundamental inequalities that dipolar particles' cross-sections must satisfy. This framework uncovers profound connections normally hidden behind complex algebra -- for instance, pressure forces depend exclusively on the difference in linear momenta of different light components and the corresponding breaking of symmetry by a particle, and optical recoil forces depend exclusively on helicity cross sections -- providing clarity, conciseness, and a powerful predictive tool for arbitrary dipole interactions.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Polarisation Singularities of Gravitational Waves

Departure from idealised plane waves gives rise to intricate geometric structures in wave fields. One such structure is the polarisation singularity, which emerges when multiple monochromatic waves interfere (such as would be the case for stochastic backgrounds), producing loci of purely circular or linear polarisation. In this work, we extend the theory of polarisation singularities to gravitational waves and higher spin fields. Building on the electromagnetic description, we formulate the gravitational analogue of polarisation singularities and show that they are generic features of gravitational waves. Their dimension, however, depends on the spin of the field. We illustrate these results with simulations of plane-wave interference and analyse the resulting singularity densities.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2026

A robust and efficient method to calculate electromagnetic modes on a cylindrical step-index nanofibre

The accurate calculation of guided electromagnetic modes in optical nanofibres is critical for applications in nanophotonics, from quantum interfaces to vectorial light sensing. Standard textbook methods rely on solving a $4\times4$ matrix eigenvalue problem to find the modal fields. While widely used, this approach has a subtle but significant flaw: the final determination of the field amplitudes requires finding the numerical null space of a theoretically singular matrix, an ill-conditioned problem that introduces large relative errors in the small but physically crucial longitudinal field components. In this work, we introduce a fundamentally more robust and efficient semi-analytical method. By starting from the foundational symmetries of the cylindrical waveguide and employing a judicious normalisation of the field amplitudes, we demonstrate that the problem can be analytically reduced to a much simpler $2\times2$ system. This reformulation yields two decisive advantages: the dispersion relation is obtained numerically from a simple and well-behaved transcendental equation, and more importantly, the modal field amplitudes are subsequently determined \emph{analytically}. Our approach completely bypasses the numerical null space calculation, thereby ensuring the accuracy of the full vectorial field structure. This method provides a powerful and reliable tool for the design and analysis of nanofibre-based devices, particularly for applications in chiral quantum optics and nanophotonics where precise knowledge of field polarisation and specifically of the longitudinal components is paramount.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

On the origin and properties of dipolar recoil force and torque

The recoil optical force and torque acting on an electromagnetic dipole are typically derived by computing the imbalance in radiated linear and angular electromagnetic momentum coming from the source, using Maxwell stress tensor integration. This quantifies the recoil's outcome without revealing its physical origin or the underlying forces that produce it. The recoil force and torque exist even in the absence of external illumination, such that an isolated dipole emitter can experience them. In contrast to the other terms, the recoil terms are odd under time reversal. To clarify their nature and properties, we re-derive the recoil force from first principles using the total Lorentz force on a system of charges that form a simultaneous electric and magnetic dipole. The results agree with the standard momentum-based derivation and reveal their ultimate origin from retardation effects -- arising from the finite speed of light -- in the mutual interactions between charges. This result provides fundamental insight into the recoil mechanism, offering a clearer conceptual foundation for future theoretical and experimental studies of light-induced forces.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Fresnel reflection coefficients in the Fourier domain for a planar surface in uniform motion parallel to its interface

The optical reflection coefficient of a dielectric medium moving uniformly in the plane spanned by its surface is rigorously calculated using classical electrodynamics and special relativity, and expressed in the Fourier domain, as a function of the incident frequency and wavevector, valid in both the far- and near-field regimes. It is found that cross-polarisation appears as a consequence of the motion, except when it is directed along the plane of incidence. As an example, using a Drude model for the permittivity of the surface at rest, the dispersion relation of its surface modes is calculated. A tilting of the dispersion relation is observed, leading to movement-induced surface plasmon unidirectionality and non-reciprocity.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Electromagnetic symmetry dislocations

Singular optics aims to understand and manipulate light's topological defects, pioneered by the discovery that phase vortex lines, strands of destructive interference, naturally occur in scalar wave fields. Monochromatic electromagnetic fields, however, are described by complex three-dimensional vectors that make individual scalar phase vortices in their vector components, which depend on the choice of co-ordinate basis, less meaningful. Instead, polarisation singularities can capture the vector texture of complicated, even non-paraxial light, with separate spatial descriptions for the electric $\mathbf{E}$ and magnetic $\mathbf{H}$ fields. But polarisation textures, too, are basis-dependent, because the laws of electromagnetism can be expressed not only by separate $\mathbf{E}$ and $\mathbf{H}$ fields, but by linear combinations of the two. We instead propose fundamental, basis-independent topological features generic in monochromatic electromagnetic fields: one- and two-dimensional structures that relate to time-averaged symmetries, including parity, duality and time-reversal, held locally by the combined electric and magnetic field polarisation geometry.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Radiation forces and torques in optics and acoustics

The mechanical action of various kinds of waves has been recognized for several centuries. The first tide of scientific interest in wave-induced forces and torques emerged at the turn of the 20th century, with the development of wave theories and the concepts of wave momentum and angular momentum. A second surge occurred in the past several decades, driven by technological breakthroughs: the invention of lasers and the controlled generation of structured wave fields. This resulted in major discoveries, including optical trapping and manipulation of small particles, from atomic to micro sizes, as well as acoustic manipulation of larger particles, including biological cells and samples. Nowadays, radiation forces and torques underpin numerous applications: optical and acoustic tweezers, acoustofluidic sorting of biological cells, optomechanical systems operating in both classical and quantum regimes, solar sails, quantum simulators, volumetric displays, etc. In this review, we present a unifying perspective on optical and acoustic forces and torques acting on various particles, addressing both their theoretical foundations and key applications. Our approach relies on the universal connection between the local energy, momentum, and spin densities of wave fields and the principal forces and torques exerted on small particles. Moreover, we describe important cases of nontrivial (e.g., lateral and pulling) forces and complex (e.g., chiral and anisotropic) particles. We also highlight significant experimental achievements involving optical and acoustic manipulation in structured wave fields. Our aim is to illuminate the common fundamental origins and close interconnections between the mechanical actions of optical and acoustic fields, thereby fostering a deeper understanding and advancing the development of optomechanical and acoustomechanical applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

The electromagnetic symmetry sphere: a framework for energy, momentum, spin and other electromagnetic quantities

Electromagnetic quantities such as energy density, momentum, spin, and helicity bring meaning and intuition to electromagnetism and possess intricate interrelations, particularly prominent in complex non-paraxial near-fields. These quantities are conventionally expressed using electric and magnetic field vectors, yet the electric-magnetic basis is one among other often overlooked alternatives, including parallel-antiparallel and right-left-handed helicity bases, related to the parity and duality symmetries of electromagnetism. Projecting time-harmonic electromagnetic fields into a variety of bases allows re-interpreting established quantities and reveals underlying mathematical structures: a Bloch sphere which describes asymmetries in electromagnetic energy, a systematic path to unify and uncover relations between electromagnetic quantities, and the unlocking of symmetry-driven equations in light-matter interaction.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Longitudinal chiral forces in photonic integrated waveguides to separate particles with realistically small chirality

Chiral optical forces exhibit opposite signs for the two enantiomeric versions of a chiral molecule or particle. If large enough, these forces might be able to separate enantiomers all optically, which would find numerous applications in different fields, from pharmacology to chemistry. Longitudinal chiral forces are especially promising for tackling the challenging scenario of separating particles of realistically small chiralities. In this work, we study the longitudinal chiral forces arising in dielectric integrated waveguides when the quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes are combined as well as their application to separate absorbing and non-absorbing chiral particles. We show that chiral gradient forces dominate in the scenario of beating of non-denegerate TE and TM modes when considering non-absorbing particles. For absorbing particles, the superposition of degenerate TE and TM modes can lead to chiral forces that are kept along the whole waveguide length. We accompany the calculations of the forces with particle tracking simulations for specific radii and chirality parameters. We show that longitudinal forces can separate non-absorbing chiral nanoparticles in water even for relatively low values of the particle chirality and absorbing particles with arbitrarily low values of chirality can be effectively separated after enough interaction time.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Chiral forces in longitudinally invariant dielectric photonic waveguides

Optical forces can be chiral when they exhibit opposite signs for the two enantiomeric versions of a chiral molecule or particle. Such forces could be eventually used to separate enantiomers, which could find application in numerous disciplines. Here, we analyze numerically the optical chiral forces arising in the basic element of photonic integrated circuitry: a dielectric waveguide with rectangular cross-section. Such waveguides are inherently lossless thus generating chiral forces that are invariant in the longitudinal direction and therefore enable enantiomeric separation over long (cm-scale) distances. Assuming Brownian motion in a liquid environment, we calculate first the force strength and time span needed to perform the separation of chiral nanoparticles as a function of the radii. Then we analyze the chiral forces produced by the fundamental quasi-TE guided mode in a silicon nitride waveguide and show that it can lead to enantiomeric separation via the transverse spin at short wavelengths (405 nm). At longer wavelengths (1310 nm), the proper combination of degenerate quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes would result in a quasi-circularly polarized mode with intrinsic chirality (helicity), leading to chiral gradient forces that also enable the enantiomeric separation of smaller nanoparticles. We report particle tracking simulations where the optical force field produced by a quasi-TE and a quasi-circular mode proved to separate enantiomers under a time span of two seconds. Our results suggest the viability of enantiomeric separation using simple photonic integrated circuits, though different wavelength windows should be selected according to the nanoparticle size.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

A decomposition of light's spin angular momentum density

Light carries intrinsic spin angular momentum (SAM) when the electric or magnetic field vector rotates over time. A familiar vector equation calculates the direction of light's SAM density using the right hand rule with reference to the electric and magnetic polarisation ellipses. Using Maxwell's equations, this vector equation can be decomposed into a sum of two distinct terms, akin to the well-known Poynting vector decomposition into orbital and spin currents. We present the first general study of this spin decomposition, showing that the two terms, which we call canonical and Poynting spin, are chiral analogies to the canonical and spin momenta of light in its interaction with matter. Both canonical and Poynting spin incorporate spatial variation of the electric and magnetic fields and are influenced by optical orbital angular momentum (OAM). The decomposition allows us to show that the OAM of a linearly polarised vortex beam can impart a first-order preferential force to chiral matter in the absence of spin.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Optical chiral sorting forces and their manifestation in evanescent waves and nanofibres

Optical fields can exert forces of chiral nature on molecules and nanoparticles, which would prove extremely valuable in the separation of enantiomers with pharmaceutical applications, yet it is inherently complex, and the varied frameworks used in the literature further complicate the theoretical understanding. This paper unifies existing approaches used to describe dipolar optical forces and introduces a new symmetry-based `force basis' consisting of twelve vector fields, each weighted by particle-specific coefficients, for a streamlined description of force patterns. The approach is rigorously applied to evanescent waves and dielectric nanofibres, yielding concise analytical expressions for optical forces. Through this, we identify optimal strategies for enantiomer separation, offering invaluable guidance for future experiments.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

All-sky analysis of astrochronometric signals induced by gravitational waves

We introduce a unified formalism to describe both timing and astrometric perturbations induced on astrophysical point sources by gravitational waves using a complex spin field on the sphere. This allows the use of spin-weighted spherical harmonics to analyse "astrochronometric" observables. This approach simplifies the interpretation and simulation of anisotropies induced in the observables by gravitational waves. It also allows a simplified derivation of angular cross-spectra of the observables and their relationship with generalised Hellings-Downs correlation functions. The spin-weighted formalism also allows an explicit connection between correlation components and the spin of gravitational wave polarisations and any presence of chirality. We also calculate expected signal-to-noise ratios for observables to compare the utility of timing and deflection observables.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2021

Geodesic Noise and Gravitational Wave Observations by Pulsar Timing Arrays

Signals from millisecond pulsars travel to us on geodesics along the line-of-sight that are affected by the space--time metric. The exact path-geometry and redshifting along the geodesics determine the observed Time-of-Arrival (ToA) of the pulses. The metric is determined by the distribution of dark matter, gas, and stars in the galaxy and, in the final stages of travel, by the distribution of solar system bodies. The inhomogeneous distribution of stellar masses can have a small but significant statistical effect on the ToAs through the perturbation of geodesics. This will result in additional noise in ToA observations that may affect Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) constraints on gravitational waves at very low frequencies. We employ a simple model for the stellar distribution in our galaxy to estimate the scale of both static and dynamic sources of what we term generically "geodesic noise". We find that geodesic noise has a standard deviation of ${\cal O}(10)$ ns for typical lines-of-sight. This suggests geodesic noise is relevant for estimates of PTA sensitivity and may limit future efforts for detection of gravitational waves by PTAs.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2020

Evanescent Gravitational Waves

We describe the properties of evanescent gravitational waves (EGWs)---wave solutions of Einstein equations which decay exponentially in some direction while propagating in another. Evanescent waves are well-known in acoustics and optics and have recently received much attention due to their extraordinary properties such as their transverse spin and spin-momentum locking. We show that EGWs possess similarly remarkable properties, carrying transverse spin angular momenta and driving freely falling test masses along in elliptical trajectories. Hence, test masses on a plane transverse to the direction of propagation exhibit correlated vector and scalar-like deformation---correlations which can be used to distinguish it from modified gravity. We demonstrate that EGWs are present and dominant in the vicinity of sub-wavelength sources such as orbiting binaries.

astro-ph.CO↗