arXiv subjects

Selvaraj Chelliah

Publications and source records attributed to Selvaraj Chelliah.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Ground Level Enhancement (GLE#77) in the gamma-ray component: First observation from Arctic and Antarctic stations

This article presents the observations of the extreme ground-level enhancement (GLE #77) of Solar Cycle 25 that occurred on 11 November 2025, using ground-based NaI(Tl) gamma-ray detectors deployed at Arctic and Antarctic stations, together with neutron monitor data and particle measurements from the GOES-18 satellite. The event was associated with an intense X-class solar flare and a strong solar energetic proton event. This paper reports the first ground-based detection of a GLE using gamma-ray detectors operating simultaneously in both polar regions, which are concurrent with increases in neutron monitor counts. Thus highlights the capability of polar gamma-ray detectors to complement traditional neutron monitor observations during extreme solar proton events. A detailed analysis revealed distinct prompt and delayed responses during the event evolution. Interestingly, the signature of the prompt peak of GLE#77 (at 10:38 UT) was observed up to high-rigidity neutron monitors (low latitudes). However, the delayed peak (at 13:08 UT) was not seen at the stations with rigidity > 6 GV. The timing of the prompt and delayed peaks coincided with the proton flux peaks observed by the GOES-18 satellite at energies > 150 MeV and 12-99 MeV, respectively. It is observed that the GLE amplitude has a strong dependence on geomagnetic cutoff rigidity and has a weak solar zenith angle dependence.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Effect of the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB 221009A) on low energy gamma-ray counts at sea level

A gamma-ray burst, named GRB 221009A, occurred on 9 October 2022 and is the brightest ever observed GRB, whose frequency is now estimated as once in 10,000 years. This GRB was reported to be observed from many space missions, VLF receivers, and ground observations in optical and radio data. Additionally, a strikingly large number of very high energy (VHE) photons associated with this GRB were observed by the gamma-ray and cosmic ray observatory LHAASO. Though gamma rays of cosmic origin usually tend to be absorbed by the atmosphere, the high fluence of this GRB, along with the observation of more than 5000 VHE photons (0.5 to 18 TeV) by LHAASO from the ground, emphasises the need to explore other possible ground observations of this GRB. The present paper examines the effect of this GRB using gamma-ray data in a low energy range (0.2-6) MeV obtained using NaI (Tl) detectors located at Tirunelveli (Geographic coordinates: 8.71{\deg}N, 77.76{\deg}E), India. With RA = 288.3{\deg} and Dec = 19.8{\deg}, the exceptionally bright fluence of this GRB was geographically centred on India. We report no significant change in the observations associated with GRB 221009A. We discuss the extent of attenuation of gamma-rays in the atmosphere that could explain the reported observations. Further, we investigate the likelihood of ground observation of gamma-rays ($<$10 MeV) for a much more intense hypothetical GRB, and estimate the parameters, such as distance, fluence, and isotropic energy of such a GRB.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

Barometric Pressure Correction to Gamma-ray Observations and its Energy Dependence

Cosmic rays (CRs) have been studied extensively in the last century to understand the processes in the universe as well as in the solar system. In today's satellite era, although many observations are made from space, CR observations from the ground are still viewed as an important tool. These observations, however, mostly detect the secondary cosmic rays (SCRs) such as neutron, muon, and gamma. It is well known that the atmospheric pressure plays an important role in the SCR flux observed on the ground. Barometric pressure correction is standard practice for neutron monitor (NM) data. However, no such correction is applied to gamma-ray, being massless. But the pressure affects the particles such as $e^{\pm}$, $μ^{\pm}$, which produce gamma rays in the cascade. Subsequently, the indirect pressure dependence of the gamma-ray flux can be anticipated. We examine this aspect in detail by studying the gamma-ray counts detected by the NaI (Tl) detector. The present study confirms that there is no correlation between the atmospheric pressure and the total gamma-ray counts collected from all energies. However, the scenario differs when the gamma-ray fluxes of different energies are investigated separately. The gamma rays of energy below $\sim$3 MeV are primarily due to the radioactivity originating from the ground, whereas gamma rays above 3 MeV are mainly produced in the CR cascade. It is observed that the counts of energy above 3 MeV are well anti-correlated with the atmospheric pressure and hence need to be corrected. It is demonstrated that applying the barometric correction formula successfully removes the pressure dependence in the gamma-ray flux above 3 MeV. Therefore, we suggest that the gamma-ray data above 3 MeV needs to be corrected for the local atmospheric pressure variations.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

Existence of covers and envelopes of a left orthogonal class and its right orthogonal class of modules

In this paper, we investigate the notions of $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-projective, $\mathcal{X}$-injective and $\mathcal{X}$-flat modules and give some characterizations of these modules, where $\mathcal{X}$ is a class of left $R$-modules. We prove that the class of all $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-projective modules is Kaplansky. Further, if the class of all $\mathcal{X}$-projective $R$-modules is closed under direct limits, we show the existence of $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-projective covers and $\mathcal{X}$-injective envelopes over a $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-hereditary ring $R.$ Moreover, we decompose a $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-projective module into a projective and a coreduced $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-projective module over a self $\mathcal{X}$-injective and $\mathcal{X}^\bot$-hereditary ring. Finally, we prove that every module has a $\mathcal{W}$-injective precover over a coherent ring $R,$ where $\mathcal{W}$ is the class of all pure projective modules.

math.AC↗

arXiv2016

Right orthogonal class of pure projective modules over pure hereditary rings

We denote by $\mathcal{W}$ the class of all pure projective modules. Present article we investigate $\mathcal{W}$-injective modules and these modules are defined via the vanishing of cohomology of pure projective modules. First we prove that every module has a $\mathcal{W}$-injective preenvelope and then every module has a $\mathcal{W}$-injective coresolution over an arbitrary ring. Further, we show that the class of all $\mathcal{W}$-injective modules is coresolving (injectively resolving) over a pure-hereditary ring. Moreover, we analyze the dimension of $\mathcal{W}$-injective coresolution over a pure-hereditary ring. It is shown that $\sup\{ \cores_{\mathcal{W}^{\bot}}(M) \colon M \mbox{is an }R\mbox{-module }\} = \Fcor_{\mathcal{W}^{\bot}}(R) = \sup\{\pd(G) \colon G \mbox{ is a pure projective } R\mbox{-module}\}$ and we give some equivalent conditions of $\mathcal{W}$-injective envelope with the unique mapping property. In the last section, we proved the desirable properties of the dimension when the ring is semisimple artinian.

math.RA↗