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Seokcheon Lee

Publications and source records attributed to Seokcheon Lee.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

From a Sharp Thin-Shell Obstruction to a Smooth Positive-Density Initial-Data Embedding of a Virialized Halo in Lambda-FLRW Cosmology

Within classical general relativity, we compare a sharp timelike junction and a smooth finite-width spacelike initial-data embedding of a positive-excess virialized halo in a homogeneous Lambda-FLRW environment. On the ordinary branch, timelike Israel matching at the virial boundary produces a negative surface layer: a distributional representation of the environmental compensation omitted by the sharp construction. We replace this zero-width source by a finite-width, background-relative underdensity whose local rest-frame energy density remains positive. The resulting conformally flat, constant-mean-curvature ADM initial slice satisfies the Hamiltonian and momentum constraints, with the residuals converging under resolution refinement. At finite radius, its geometric and matter variables return to the local-effective FLRW data within the declared tolerances: the constructed slice contains no residual distributional layer and satisfies the reconstructed weak, null, and dominant energy conditions. For radii beyond the numerical endpoint, the exterior is defined by the exact analytic local-effective FLRW solution. The GCT framework supplies the global motivation clock interpretation, while the present calculations are local-effective classical-GR calculations with the bound-sector constants c0 and G0 held fixed: no radial GCT lapse or constant interpolation is constructed.

gr-qc

Geometric Matching of Local Static Regions in Cosmological Spacetimes with an Evolving Lapse

The generalized cosmological time (GCT) framework introduces a modified lapse function, N(t)\propto a^{b/4}, as a geometric extension of the standard FLRW description. Like other departures from $\Lambda$CDM, such constructions must remain compatible with the observed stability of local gravitational and laboratory physics. In scalar--tensor theories, this compatibility is usually achieved through dynamical screening mechanisms that suppress additional degrees of freedom in dense environments. In this work, we examine whether a locally static spacetime region can be consistently embedded within a cosmological background described by a time-dependent lapse. By embedding a static Schwarzschild interior into an expanding GCT--FLRW exterior, the Israel junction conditions are used to determine the class of background expansions that admit such a matching in the absence of a thin shell. The continuity of the extrinsic curvature yields a Friedmann-type relation that coincides with the GCT background equations of motion. This relation should be interpreted not as a new dynamical equation, but as a geometric consistency condition (GCC) associated with the matching of the two spacetime regions. In this sense, the junction does not introduce new dynamics, but provides a GCC under which a region with fixed local clocks can be embedded in a cosmological spacetime with an evolving lapse. Therefore, the analysis clarifies how locally static gravitational systems can remain compatible with a cosmological time normalization that differs from that of local proper time while preserving the standard description of local physics.

gr-qc

From Scalar $H_0$ to $E(z)$: A Reformulation of the Hubble Tension

The Hubble tension is usually expressed as a discrepancy between the low H_0 inferred from Planck CMB data within base \LambdaCDM and the higher value obtained from late-time distance-ladder measurements. This scalar comparison compresses distinct inference problems into one derived parameter: Planck CMB, DESI DR2 BAO, and Pantheon+SH0ES constrain physical densities and acoustic scales, ruler-normalized distances, and calibrated luminosity-distance relations, respectively. We reformulate the comparison in terms of the dimensionless expansion history E(z)=H(z)/H_0. This does not remove the absolute-scale discrepancy, but separates the normalization encoded in $H_0$ from the redshift-dependent shape of the expansion history. Within a common flat-\LambdaCDM framework, each probe posterior is mapped onto posterior-implied E(z) histories. Since the reconstructed values E(z_k) are strongly correlated across redshift, we quantify the global mismatch with a covariance-subspace history displacement S_{hist}, alongside pointwise redshift differences. The histories are not identical, but the discrepancies are moderate: the pointwise significance is typically 1-2\sigma, while S_{hist} simeq 1.65 for DESI DR2 and S_{hist} \simeq 2.55 for Pantheon+SH0ES relative to Planck. With two retained covariance eigenmodes, these correspond to two-sided one-dimensional Gaussian equivalents of approximately 1.1\sigma and 2.1\sigma, both below the conventional \simeq 4.9\sigma Planck-SH0ES scalar-H_0 discrepancy.

astro-ph.CO

Information-Geometric Perspective on the Hubble Tension: Eigenmode Rotation and Curvature Suppression in wCDM

The Hubble tension is shaped not only by shifts between early- and late-time parameter estimates, but also by the stiffness of the constraints that define them. In this work, we analyze this geometric structure in the wCDM model by separating the discrepancy into two components: a parameter displacement and a directional Fisher curvature. Within the local Gaussian approximation, the quadratic tension along a given direction factorizes into the squared shift and the combined directional curvature contributed by the datasets. Applying this framework to Planck, DESI DR2, and SH0ES, we show that extending \LambdaCDM to wCDM primarily reshapes the Fisher geometry of the CMB constraint rather than opening a genuinely new route to concordance. Allowing the dark-energy equation-of-state parameter w to vary suppresses the leading Planck Fisher eigenvalue to only \sim 2.7 % of its \LambdaCDM value, while producing only a modest rotation of the dominant acoustic-scale eigenmode. The net effect is a strong softening of the effective acoustic rigidity. At the same time, high-precision late-time data, especially from DESI DR2, inject substantial curvature along the expansion-rate direction. This added stiffness acts as a geometric wall, closing off phantom-like escape routes and sharply limiting tension relief within the extended parameter space. Our results indicate that changes in the inferred H_0 tension under model extension are best understood as a reconfiguration of the constraint manifold rather than as evidence for new physical agreement. The shift-curvature decomposition thus offers a simple, fast, and physically transparent way to diagnose cosmological tensions.

astro-ph.CO

A Unified Interpretation of Supernova, GRB, and QSO Time Dilation Signals in a Generalized Cosmological Time Framework

Cosmological time dilation (CTD) serves as a fundamental probe of cosmic expansion, historically verified through the characteristic (1+z) broadening of Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) light curves. However, significant tensions arise when extending this test to other astrophysical regimes. While discrete, event-based transients such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) exhibit large scatter in interred time-dilation signatures, analyses of stochastic variability in persistent sources, specifically Quasars (QSOs), frequently yield null results. I demonstrate that these discrepancies stem from a previously overlooked distinction between discrete geometric clocks and continuous thermal emission, presenting a resolution within the framework of Generalized Cosmological Time (GCT). The central premise relies on strictly distinguishing global coordinate time, characterized by a generalized lapse function, from the local proper time measured within gravitationally bound systems. We propose that the progenitors of transients, specifically SNe Ia and GRB central engines, are effectively shielded from background time evolution due to strong gravitational binding and environmental decoupling. Consequently, they act as standard clocks tracing pure geometric path dilation, obeying \tau_{\rm obs} \propto (1+z)^{1-b/4}. Conversely, the lack of dilation in QSOs is derived as a consequence of observing persistent thermal accretion disks at fixed wavelengths, introducing an intrinsic selection effect (\tau_{\rm intr} \propto (1+z)^{-2}) that masks the cosmological signal. This framework reconciles the diverse behaviors of transient and persistent sources without modifying local physical laws.

hep-ph

Complementary Roles of Distance and Growth Probes in Testing Time-Varying Dark Energy

Distance measurements have long provided the primary observational constraints on the expansion history of the Universe and the properties of dark energy. However, because such observables depend on cumulative line-of-sight integrals over the Hubble rate, their sensitivity to time-dependent features of the dark energy equation of state is intrinsically limited. In this work, we examine this limitation from an information-based perspective using the eigenvalue structure of the Fisher information matrix constructed from distance, expansion rate, and growth observables. We show that distance and expansion-rate data generically produce a strongly hierarchical Fisher spectrum dominated by a single information mode, reflecting an irreducible loss of sensitivity to temporal variations in dark energy. This behavior can be traced directly to the integrated kernel structure of geometric observables. Growth measurements, by contrast, respond through differential dynamics and can introduce additional independent information directions. Using both controlled mock data and survey-like configurations representative of next-generation experiments, we find that the impact of growth information depends not only on its nominal precision but also on the structure of the data covariance. In simplified mock setups, growth measurements can partially activate a second information direction even at moderate precision. In Euclid-like configurations, however, the information remains effectively one-dimensional until growth precision reaches the percent level, below which a second mode emerges rapidly. These results clarify the complementary roles of distance and growth probes and provide a model-independent criterion for assessing the physical content of cosmological constraints on dynamical dark energy.

astro-ph.CO

Structural Limitations on Constraining the Time Evolution of Dark Energy

Cosmological constraints on a time-varying dark energy equation of state are fundamentally limited by the integral structure through which the equation of state enters cosmological observables. We rigorously derive the linear response kernel that maps perturbations in the equation of state \omega(z) to comoving distance fluctuations \delta D(z). By adopting a Fourier mode expansion \delta \omega(z) = \sin(kz), we obtain the exact analytic form of the distance response in terms of Sine and Cosine integrals. We show that this mapping involves a double integration over redshift, which acts as an intrinsic low-pass filter with a characteristic \sim k^{-2} scaling in redshift space. This structural limitation is visualized in a schematic diagram and confirmed by observational verification using the full covariance matrix of the Pantheon+ supernova dataset. Our analysis reveals a steep hierarchy in Fisher eigenvalues where the information content drops by an order of magnitude already at the second eigenmode. Consequently, distance-based probes effectively constrain only a single dominant mode of \omega(z). This implies that the difficulty in constraining dynamical parameters such as w_a is not due to data precision, but is a necessary consequence of the observable's integral nature, which renders it structurally blind to the instantaneous rate of change d\omega/da.

astro-ph.CO

Controlled Tension Forecasting: Quantifying Cross-Probe Biases in $\omega_0\omega_a$CDM

Recent analyses combining DESI DR2 BAO, Planck CMB, and Pantheon+ SNe have reported mild deviations from the \LambdaCDM model. A central challenge is to determine whether these deviations reflect genuine dark-energy evolution or instead arise from cross-probe inconsistencies, prior choices, or mismatches in likelihood construction. Previous work demonstrated that imposing a biased supernova-motivated prior on \Omega_{m0} can artificially displace the BAO-inferred (w_0,w_a) values from the \LambdaCDM expectation. A complementary pedagogic study further showed that differing degeneracy geometries among BAO, CMB, and SNe can generate apparent dark-energy evolution even when the underlying cosmology is exactly \LambdaCDM. Here we present a controlled tension-injection framework designed as a simplified mock-based diagnostic tool for studying how selected probe-level inconsistencies propagate into inferred dark-energy parameters. Self-consistent BAO, CMB, and SNe mock datasets are augmented with parameterized shifts in (\Omega_{m0}, H_0), supernova absolute calibration, and the BAO sound-horizon scale r_d. The resulting datasets are analyzed through a unified MCMC pipeline, enabling a direct assessment of how these controlled tensions propagate into biases in (w_0,w_a) and the pivot equation-of-state parameter w_p. The results should be interpreted within the restricted setup adopted here: the late-time sector is described in the CPL parametrization and the CMB is represented through compressed distance priors. In this sense, the framework is intended primarily as an illustrative and diagnostic device for identifying probe combinations and degeneracy directions that are more vulnerable to tension-induced dynamical-dark-energy-like shifts, rather than as a parametrization-independent or fully realistic prediction tool.

astro-ph.CO

Pedagogic Null Tests of Dynamical Dark Energy Hints: Reconstructing LambdaCDM with Consistent BAO, CMB, and SNe Mocks

Hints of a dynamical dark-energy equation of state have appeared in several combined cosmological probes. However, such indications may instead arise from the intrinsic likelihood geometry of individual datasets, residual inter-probe tension, or restrictive priors. These factors can mimic evidence for dynamical dark energy. To clarify these issues, we perform a controlled null test. We use realistic mock BAO, CMB, and Type~Ia supernova datasets generated from a common fiducial LambdaCDM cosmology. These mocks include the DESI~DR2 BAO covariance, the Planck~2018 distance-prior covariance, and the full Pantheon+ SH0ES supernova covariance. This setup isolates physical information from geometric or statistical effects in the CPL parametrization. We find that individual probes and most two-probe combinations show apparent deviations in the (w0,wa) plane. These could be mistaken for phantom crossing or evolving dark energy. Two-probe combinations including supernovae (BAO+SNe, CMB+SNe) recover values near (w0,wa)=(-1,0) but fail to reconstruct (Omegam0,H0), because SNe do not determine the absolute distance scale. Combinations without SNe (BAO+CMB), as well as any single dataset, retain strong degeneracy directions. These produce significant shifts driven purely by likelihood geometry. These behaviors arise because BAO, CMB, and SNe each constrain only one principal direction in (w0,wa) space. Their degeneracy ridges are misaligned due to distinct redshift sensitivities. In contrast, the full BAO+CMB+SNe likelihood with proper covariance breaks all degeneracies simultaneously. It cleanly recovers the fiducial cosmology, including (w0,wa)=(-1,0) and (Omegam0,H0). Our results provide a transparent benchmark for assessing future claims of omega(z) neq -1. They emphasize the need for complete multi-probe analyses with flexible H0 and rd priors.

astro-ph.CO

Geometric Interpretation of the Redshift Evolution of H_0(z)

Recent analyses of the Master Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) sample have revealed a mild redshift dependence in the inferred local Hubble parameter, often expressed as tilde{H}_0(z) = H_0 (1+z)^{-\alpha}, where \alpha quantifies possible departures from the standard cosmological time dilation relation. In this work, we show that such an empirical scaling can be interpreted as a purely geometric effect arising from a small, gauge-dependent normalization of cosmic time within the Robertson-Walker metric. This interpretation naturally unifies the observed redshift evolution of tilde{H}_0(z) and the corresponding deviation in SN Ia light-curve durations under a single geometric time-normalization framework. We demonstrate that this mapping leaves all background distances--linked to the Hubble radius in the general-relativistic frame--unchanged, while the apparent evolution in SN Ia luminosity distances arises from the redshift dependence of the Chandrasekhar mass. The result provides a unified and observationally consistent explanation of the mild Hubble-tension trend as a manifestation of the geometric structure of cosmic time rather than a modification of the expansion dynamics.

physics.gen-ph

Alleviating the Hubble Tension via Cosmological Time Dilation in the meVSL Model

We show that a minimally extended varying-speed-of-light (meVSL) cosmology can alleviate the Hubble tension through a single parameter, b. This parameter both shortens the sound horizon at the drag epoch and modifies cosmological time dilation for transients, Delta_t_obs=(1+z)^n Delta_t_emit with n=1-b/4. The reduction in r_d raises the early-universe-inferred H_0 from CMB/BAO analyses, while departures of n from unity provide an independent, time-domain probe of b. Using Fisher forecasts for a DES-like survey, we estimate the supernova sample size required to detect sub-percent deviations in n under realistic statistical and systematic uncertainties. For illustration, b=0.03 yields z_drag = 1108 and r_d = 135 Mpc, consistent with H_0=~73 km/s/Mpc. We conclude that current and upcoming time-domain surveys can place competitive constraints on b and, jointly with CMB/BAO, provide a self-consistent observational test of meVSL's ability to alleviate the H_0 discrepancy.

physics.gen-ph

Comparing LambdaCDM, wCDM, and w0waCDM models with DESI DR2 BAO: Redshift-Resolved Diagnostics and the Role of rd

We reanalyze DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements to compare LambdaCDM, wCDM, and w0waCDM. Using DM/rd, DH/rd in seven redshift bins, we reconstruct the covariance and run Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Omegam, h rd, w0, wa. In the BAO-only case, all models fit well (tilde chi2 simeq 0.8 - 1.05). Model-selection metrics show at most weak preference for LCDM; the slightly lower chi2 of w0waCDM is offset by complexity, and the pivoted equation of state is consistent with -1 (omegap = -0.899 pm 0.087 at zp simeq 0.34). These results agree with the DESI DR2 analysis. To assess the role of early-universe information, we add a Gaussian prior on rd from Planck DR3 rather than using the full CMB likelihood. Fixing rd isolates the BAO-ruler calibration and yields no significant evidence for dynamical dark energy. The key discriminator is which early-time anchor is held fixed; anchoring theta-ast can raise Omegam in w0waCDM, increasing r-ast and DA(z-ast) to keep theta-ast constant, thereby mimicking late-time evolution, whereas anchoring rd does not. We therefore advocate a robustness test comparing fixed-rd and fixed theta-ast analyses; under the former, DESI DR2 BAO remain fully consistent with LambdaCDM. This work introduces a controlled fixed-rd robustness test that isolates the role of sound-horizon anchoring from the full CMB likelihood. We demonstrate quantitatively that the reported ~3-sigma preference for dynamical dark energy is not reproduced under fixed-rd anchoring.

astro-ph.CO

Assessing the Robustness of the CPL Parametrization to Basis and Prior Variations: Insights from DESI DR2 BAO Data

This work reexamines cosmological parameter constraints from the DESI Data Release 2 baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements using the distance-basis representation (D_V/r_d, D_M/D_H), which separates the isotropic BAO scale from the scale-free Alcock-Paczynski ratio. We compare LambdaCDM, wCDM, and w_0w_aCDM models to evaluate how the choice of data basis and the width of the prior on w_a affect dark-energy inference. Ratio-only fits (D_M/D_H) amplify the (w_0, w_a) degeneracy and can produce large apparent shifts in point estimates without genuine evidence for dynamical dark energy. Joint fits using (D_V/r_d, D_M/D_H) restore parameter consistency and show that these shifts mainly trace the degeneracy ridge. The pivoted equation of state, w_p = w(a_p) \simeq -0.9 \pm 0.1 at z_p \simeq 0.34, remains stable and consistent with a cosmological constant within 1sigma. Model-selection diagnostics (AIC, BIC, and Bayes factors) provide only moderate support for LambdaCDM, indicating no significant evidence for an evolving w(a). These findings clarify the interplay among basis choice, absolute-scale anchoring, and degeneracy geometry in BAO-only dark-energy analyses, providing a benchmark for future DESI and next-generation surveys.

astro-ph.CO

The Impact of $\Omega_{m0}$ Prior Bias on Cosmological Parameter Estimation: Reconciling DESI DR2 BAO and Pantheon+ SNe Data Combination Results

Recent cosmological parameter analyses combining DESI DR2 Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) data with external probes, such as Pantheon+ Supernovae (SNe) observations, have reported deviations of the dark energy equation-of-state parameters ($\oo, \oa$) from the standard $\Lambda$CDM model predictions ($\oo=-1, \oa=0$). A notable aspect of these results is the role of $\Omo$ prior information from SNe, which is known to exhibit tension with BAO-only constraints. In this study, we rigorously investigate this effect through a statistical analysis using 1000 mock DESI DR2 BAO data realizations. We demonstrate that the strong degeneracy between $\oo$, $\oa$, and $\Omo$ causes significant biases in the estimated dark energy parameters when the $\Omo$ prior mean deviates from its true underlying value. Specifically, applying an $\Omo$ prior mean of 0.33 (consistent with some SNe-only constraints) to mock data, assuming a true $\Lambda$CDM universe ($\Omo=0.30, \oo=-1, \oa=0$), yields biased estimates such as $\oo \approx -0.82 \pm 0.06$ and $\oa \approx -0.82 \pm 0.4$. This systematic shift, driven by the $\Omo$ prior, moves the estimated parameters towards the non-$\Lambda$CDM region, offering a qualitative resemblance to outcomes reported in current combined DESI DR2 BAO + Pantheon+ SNe analyses (e.g., $\oo = -0.888^{+0.055}_{-0.064}$, $\oa = -0.17 \pm 0.46$). Our findings suggest that these observed non-$\Lambda$CDM parameters may largely arise from statistical biases due to $\Omo$ prior tensions between datasets. This study proposes a potential resolution to current cosmological tensions without necessarily invoking new physics.

astro-ph.CO

Probing Time-Varying Dark Energy with DESI: The Crucial Role of Precision Matter Density (\Omega_{m0}) Measurements

Accurate measurements of fundamental cosmological parameters, especially the Hubble constant (H_0) and present-day matter density (\Omega_{m0}), are crucial for constraining dark energy (DE) evolution. We analyze the sensitivities of cosmological observables (H(z), D_L(z), E_{G}) to \Omega_{m0}, w_0, and w_an under different parametrizations. Our results show observables are far more sensitive to \Omega_{m0} than to DE equation of state parameters (e.g., at z \sim 0.5, H(z)'s \Omega_{m0} sensitivity is \sim 0.7 vs. w_a's \sim 0.04). This hierarchy mandates high-precision \Omega_{m0} measurements to accurately constrain time-varying DE. We also find DE parameter sensitivity highly depends on parametrization; the standard CPL form shows low sensitivity to w_a, but \omega(z) = w_0 + w_a \ln(1+z) significantly enhances it. Our analysis of DESI DR1/DR2 data confirms these theoretical limits: standalone DESI data primarily provides only upper limits for w_a, underscoring insufficient constraining power for a definitive time-varying DE detection. While combined datasets offer tighter constraints, interpretation requires caution due to parametrization influence. We further confirm this point using simulated Supernovae MCMC data. In conclusion, improving \Omega_{m0} precision and adopting optimized parametrizations are imperative for future surveys like DESI to fully probe dark energy's nature.

astro-ph.CO

Revisiting Varying Speed of Light in Cosmology: Insights from the Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker Metric

In the Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker metric, a varying speed of light (VSL) reflects a change in the clock rate across hypersurfaces, described by the lapse function. This variation is not a dynamical field evolution but a consequence of coordinate choice, as the cosmic time coincides with the proper time of comoving observers due to the Weyl postulate. From an action principle including $\tilde c$, we derive that $\tilde c$ does not have its dynamics but imposes a constraint on the scale factor $a(t)$, indicating that it is not an independent degree of freedom. This insight reframes the VSL concept as a manifestation of gauge freedom in general relativity, wherein physical laws remain invariant under smooth coordinate transformations. Here, gauge refers to the freedom of choosing the temporal coordinate (\textit{e.g.}, setting the lapse $N(t) \neq 1$), which determines how the speed of light appears in the cosmological equations. Recognizing $\tilde c$ as a coordinate-dependent quantity offers a new interpretation of cosmological time and observational tensions, such as the Hubble tension, without invoking new physical fields. This redefinition opens a novel theoretical pathway in interpreting cosmic expansion within a consistent relativistic framework.

physics.gen-ph

Perturbation Theory in the Minimally Extended Varying Speed of Light (meVSL) Model

Cosmological perturbation theory provides a fundamental framework for analyzing the evolution of density fluctuations and gravitational potentials in the Universe. It plays a crucial role in understanding large-scale structure formation and cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies. In this study, we apply perturbation theory to the minimally extended varying speed of light (meVSL) model to investigate the effects of a varying speed of light on the matter density contrast and the Newtonian gravitational potential. Unlike conventional models with a constant speed of light, the meVSL model introduces modifications to the cosmological evolution equations, leading to potential deviations in structure formation and gravitational interactions. By deriving and analyzing the perturbed equations within this framework, we explore how a varying speed of light affects the growth of density perturbations and the evolution of gravitational potentials. Compared to the standard constant speed of the light model, we find deviations of approximately $2$\% in the subhorizon modes of both quantities. Although detecting these effects observationally remains a significant challenge, our results provide new theoretical insights into the meVSL model and its potential observational signatures, such as the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect and gravitational lensing of the CMB.

astro-ph.CO

3+1 formalism of the minimally extended varying speed of light model

The $3+1$ formalism provides a structured approach to analyzing spacetime by separating it into spatial and temporal components. When applied to the Robertson-Walker metric, it simplifies the analysis of cosmological evolution by dividing the Einstein field equations into constraint and evolution equations. It introduces the lapse function $N$ and the shift vector $N^i$, which control how time and spatial coordinates evolve between hypersurfaces. In standard model cosmology, $N = 1$ and $N^i = 0$ for the Robertson-Walker metric. However, the $N$ becomes a function of time when we apply the metric to the minimally extended varying speed of light model. This approach allows for a more direct examination of the evolution of spatial geometry and offers flexibility in handling scenarios where the lapse function and shift vector vary. In this manuscript, we derive the model's $N$ and $N^i$, along with the constraint and evolution equations, and demonstrate their consistency with the existing Einstein equations. We have shown in a previous paper that the possibility of changes in the speed of light in the Robertson-Walker metric is due to cosmological time dilation. Through the $3+1$ formalism, we can make the physical significance more explicit and demonstrate that it can be interpreted as the lapse function. From this, we show that the minimally extended varying speed of light model is consistent.

gr-qc