arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Seongjeong Kim.
We construct a novel invariant of braids and knots, called the secant-quandle (SQ), derived from homotopy classes of generic secants and generic horizontal trisecants. This invariant provides a natural generalization of the usual knot quandle, capturing richer topological information.
We construct a picture-valued invariant of classical knots by using the group $G_n^3$ and the plat closure of braids. We introduce a modification of the group $G_n^3$ and define a map from the braid group to framed 6-valent graphs with leaves. Each 6-valent vertex corresponds to the moment when three points become collinear. By using this construction, we obtain a knot invariant valued in equivalence classes of graphs modulo local moves. Our invariant provides a new graphical approach to the study of classical knots.
In \cite{Kim} it is shown that for an oriented surface $S_{g}$ of genus $g$ links in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$ can be presented by virtual diagrams with a decoration, called {\em double lines}. In this paper, first we define braids with double lines for links in $S_{g}\times S^{1}$. We denote the group of braids with double lines by $VB_{n}^{dl}$. The Alexander and Markov theorems for links in $S_{g}\times S^{1}$ can be proved analogously to the work in \cite{NegiPrabhakarKamada}. We show that if we restrict our interest to the group $B_{n}^{dl}$ generated by braids with double lines, but without virtual crossings, then the Hecke algebra of $B_{n}^{dl}$ is isomorphic to the affine Hecke algebra. Moreover, we define a Markov trace from the affine Hecke algebra to the Kauffman bracket skein module of $S^{2}\times S^{1}$.
In \cite{Kim} it is shown that knots in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$ can be presented by virtual diagrams with a decoration, so called, {\em double lines}. In this paper, we study the essential diagram for each knot in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$, which has the minimal number of double lines. We prove that virtual knot theory is embedded in the theory of knots in $S_{g}\times S^{1}$. In the same time, one can obtain knots in $S^{2}\times S^{1}$ from 2-component links $L = K\sqcup T$ where $T$ is a trivial knot. By using knots in $S^{2} \times S^{1}$, we study the minimality and separability of such classical links.
Determining the structure of the Kauffman bracket skein module of all $3$-manifolds over the ring of Laurent polynomials $\mathbb Z[A^{\pm 1}]$ is a big open problem in skein theory. Very little is known about the skein module of non-prime manifolds over this ring. In this paper, we compute the Kauffman bracket skein module of the $3$-manifold $(S^1 \times S^2) \ \# \ (S^1 \times S^2)$ over the ring $\mathbb Z[A^{\pm 1}]$. We do this by analysing the submodule of handle sliding relations, for which we provide a suitable basis. Along the way we compute the Kauffman bracket skein module of $(S^1 \times S^2) \ \# \ (S^1 \times D^2)$. We also show that the skein module of $(S^1 \times S^2) \ \# \ (S^1 \times S^2)$ does not split into the sum of free and torsion submodules. Furthermore, we illustrate two families of torsion elements in this skein module.
In the present paper we discuss four ways of looking at rhombile tilings: stacking 3-dimensional cubes, elements of groups, and configurations of lines and points.
A virtual link diagram is called {\em (mod $m$) almost classical} if it admits a (mod $m$) Alexander numbering. In \cite{BodenGaudreauHarperNicasWhite}, it is shown that Alexander polynomial for almost classical links can be defined by using the homology of the associated infinite cyclic cover. On the other hand, in \cite{NaokoKamada} an infinite family of $m$ fold covering over a virtual knot is constructed so that it is mod $m$ almost classical link for all $m$ by using oriented cut point. In this paper, another way to obtain a family of $m$-fold coverings over a given virtual knots, which are mod $m$ almost classical, by using knots in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$.
M. Niebrzydowski and J. H. Przytycki defined a Kauffman bracket magma and constructed the invariant P of framed links in 3-space. The invariant is closely related to the Kauffman bracket polynomial. The normalized bracket polynomial is obtained from the Kauffman bracket polynomial by the multiplication of indeterminate and it is an ambient isotopy invariant for links. In this paper, we reformulate the multiplication by using a map from the set of framed links to a Kauffman bracket magma in order that $P$ is invariant for links in 3-space. We define a generalization of a Kauffman bracket magma, which is called a marked Kauffman bracket magma. We find the conditions to be invariant under Yoshikawa moves except the first one and use a map from the set of admissible marked graph diagrams to a marked Kauffman bracket magma to obtain the invariant for surface-links in 4-space.
A virtual knot, which is one of generalizations of knots in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ (or $S^{3}$), is, roughly speaking, an embedded circle in thickened surface $S_{g} \times I$. In this talk we will discuss about knots in 3 dimensional $S_{g} \times S^{1}$. We introduce basic notions for knots in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$, for example, diagrams, moves for diagrams and so on. For knots in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$ technically we lose over/under information, but we will have information how many times the knot rotates along $S^{1}$. We will discuss the geometric meaning of the rotating information and how to construct invariants by using the "rotating" information.
It is well known that if there exists a finite set of convex bodies on the plane with non-overlapping interiors, then there is at least one "extremal" one among them, i.e., some one which can be continuously "taken away to the infinity" (outside a large ball containing all other bodies). In 3-space a phenomenon of self-interlocking structures takes place. A self-interlocking structure is such a set of three-dimensional convex bodies with non-overlapping interiors that any infinitesimal move of any of them is possible only as a part of the move of all bodies as a solid body. Previously known self-interlocking structures are based on configurations of cut cubes, tetrahedra, and octahedra. In the present paper we discover a principally new phenomenon of 2-dimensional self-interlocking structures: a family of 2-dimensional polygons in 3-space where no infinitesimal move of any piece is possible. (Infinitely thin) tiles are used to create {\em decahedra}, which, in turn, used to create columns, which turn out to be stable when we fix some two extreme tiles. Seemingly, our work is the first appearance of the structure which is stable if we fix just two tiles (and not all but one). Two-dimensional self-interlocking structures naturally lead to three-dimensional structures possessing the same properties.
A virtual knot, which is one of generalizations of knots in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ (or $S^{3}$), is, roughly speaking, an embedded circle in thickened surface $S_{g} \times I$. In this paper we will discuss about knots in 3 dimensional $S_{g} \times S^{1}$. We introduce basic notions for knots in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$, for example, diagrams, moves for diagrams and so on. For knots in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$ technically we lose over/under information, but we have information "how many times a half of the crossing of the knot in $S_{g} \times S^{1}$ rotates along $S^{1}$", we call it labels of crossings. In the end of the present paper we extend this notion more generally and discuss its geometrical meaning. This paper follows from \cite{Kim}.
The aim of this paper is to realise the techniques of picture-valued invariants and invariants valued in free groups for long knots in the full torus. Such knots and links are of a particular interest because of their relation to Legendrian knots, knotoids, 3-manifolds and many other objects. Invariants constructed in the paper are powerful and easy to compare. This paper is a sequel of [6]. Long knots naturally appear in the study of classical knots [1, 8].
Recently the first named author defined a 2-parametric family of groups $G_n^k$. Those groups may be regarded as analogues of braid groups. Study of the connection between the groups $G_n^k$ and dynamical systems led to the discovery of the following fundamental principle: If dynamical systems describing the motion of $n$ particles possess a nice codimension 1 property governed by exactly $k$ particles, then these dynamical systems admit a topological invariant valued in $G_{n}^{k}$. The $G_n^k$ groups have connections to different algebraic structures. Study of the $G_n^k$ groups led to, in particular, the construction of invariants, valued in free products of cyclic groups. All generators of the $G_{n}^{k}$ groups are reflections but there are many ways to enhance them to get rid of $2$-torsion. Later the first and the fourth named authors introduced and studied the second family of groups, denoted by $Γ_n^k$, which are closely related to triangulations of manifolds. The spaces of triangulations of a given manifolds have been widely studied. Theorem of Pachner says that any two triangulations of a given manifold can be connected by a sequence of bistellar moves or Pachner moves. $Γ_n^k$ naturally appear when considering the set of triangulations with the fixed number of points. There are two ways of introducing $Γ_n^k$: the geometrical one, which depends on the metric, and the topological one. The second one can be thought of as a «braid group» of the manifold and is an invariant of the topological type of manifold; in a similar way, one can construct the smooth version. In the present paper we give a survey of the ideas lying in the foundation of the $G_n^k$ and $Γ_n^k$ theories and give an overview of recent results in the study of those groups, manifolds, dynamical systems, knot and braid theories.
In~\cite{Kim} the author generalized the Conway algebra and constructed the invariant valued in the generalized Conway algebra defined by applying two skein relations to crossings, which is called a generalized Conway type invariant. The generalized Conway type invariant is a generalization of Homflypt polynomial. In this paper we show that an example of links, which have the same value of Homflypt polynomial, but have different values of the generalized Conway type invariant. We study a properties of Conway type invariant related to Vassiliev invariant. In section 3 we discuss about further researches.
In \cite{PrzytyskiTraczyk} J.H.Przytyski and P.Traczyk introduced an algebraic structure, called {\it a Conway algebra,} and constructed an invariant of oriented links, which is a generalization of the Homflypt polynomial invariant. On the other hand, in \cite{KauffmanLambropoulou} L. H. Kauffman and S. Lambropoulou introduced new 4-variable invariants of oriented links, which are obtained by two computational steps: in the first step we apply a skein relation on every mixed crossing to produce unions of unlinked knots. In the second step, we apply the skein relation on crossings of the unions of unlinked knots, which introduces a new variable. In this paper, we will introduce a generalization of the Conway algebra $\widehat{A}$ with two binary operations and we construct an invariant valued in $\widehat{A}$ by applying those two binary operations to mixed crossings and self crossings respectively. Moreover, the generalized Conway algebra gives us an invariant of oriented links, which satisfies non-linear skein relations.