arXiv subjects

Sergey Kitaev

Publications and source records attributed to Sergey Kitaev.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

arXiv2013

(a,b)-rectangle patterns in permutations and words

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a $(a,b)$-rectangle pattern on permutations that not only generalizes the notion of successive elements (bonds) in permutations, but is also related to mesh patterns introduced recently by Brändén and Claesson. We call the $(k,k)$-rectangle pattern the $k$-box pattern. To provide an enumeration result on the maximum number of occurrences of the 1-box pattern, we establish an enumerative result on pattern-avoiding signed permutations. Further, we extend the notion of $(k,\ell)$-rectangle patterns to words and binary matrices, and provide distribution of $(1,\ell)$-rectangle patterns on words; explicit formulas are given for up to 7 letter alphabets where $\ell \in \{1,2\}$, while obtaining distributions for larger alphabets depends on inverting a matrix we provide. We also provide similar results for the distribution of bonds over words. As a corollary to our studies we confirm a conjecture of Mathar on the number of "stable LEGO walls" of width 7 as well as prove three conjectures due to Hardin and a conjecture due to Barker. We also enumerate two sequences published by Hardin in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.

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arXiv2013

Quadrant marked mesh patterns in 132-avoiding permutations III

Given a permutation $\sg = \sg_1 \ldots \sg_n$ in the symmetric group $S_n$, we say that $\sg_i$ matches the marked mesh pattern $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ in $\sg$ if there are at least $a$ points to the right of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are greater than $\sg_i$, at least $b$ points to the left of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are greater than $\sg_i$, at least $c$ points to the left of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are smaller than $\sg_i$, and at least $d$ points to the right of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are smaller than $\sg_i$. This paper is continuation of the systematic study of the distribution of quadrant marked mesh patterns in 132-avoiding permutations started in \cite{kitremtie} and \cite{kitremtieII} where we studied the distribution of the number of matches of $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ in 132-avoiding permutations where at most two elements of of $a,b,c,d$ are greater than zero and the remaining elements are zero. In this paper, we study the distribution of the number of matches of $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ in 132-avoiding permutations where at least three of $a,b,c,d$ are greater than zero. We provide explicit recurrence relations to enumerate our objects which can be used to give closed forms for the generating functions associated with such distributions. In many cases, we provide combinatorial explanations of the coefficients that appear in our generating functions.

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arXiv2013

Quadrant marked mesh patterns in 132-avoiding permutations II

Given a permutation $\sg = \sg_1...\sg_n$ in the symmetric group $S_n$, we say that $\sg_i$ matches the marked mesh pattern $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ in $\sg$ if there are at least $a$ points to the right of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are greater than $\sg_i$, at least $b$ points to the left of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are greater than $\sg_i$, at least $c$ points to the left of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are smaller than $\sg_i$, and at least $d$ points to the right of $\sg_i$ in $\sg$ which are smaller than $\sg_i$. This paper is continuation of the systematic study of the distribution of quadrant marked mesh patterns in 132-avoiding permutations started in \cite{kitremtie} where we mainly studied the distribution of the number of matches of $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ in 132-avoiding permutations where exactly one of $a,b,c,d$ is greater than zero and the remaining elements are zero. In this paper, we study the distribution of the number of matches of $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ in 132-avoiding permutations where exactly two of $a,b,c,d$ are greater than zero and the remaining elements are zero. We provide explicit recurrence relations to enumerate our objects which can be used to give closed forms for the generating functions associated with such distributions. In many cases, we provide combinatorial explanations of the coefficients that appear in our generating functions. The case of quadrant marked mesh patterns $MMP(a,b,c,d)$ where three or more of $a,b,c,d$ are constrained to be greater than 0 will be studied in \cite{kitremtieIII}.

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arXiv2012

Restricted non-separable planar maps and some pattern avoiding permutations

Tutte founded the theory of enumeration of planar maps in a series of papers in the 1960s. Rooted non-separable planar maps are in bijection with West-2-stack-sortable permutations, beta(1,0)-trees introduced by Cori, Jacquard and Schaeffer in 1997, as well as a family of permutations defined by the avoidance of two four letter patterns. In this paper we give upper and lower bounds on the number of multiple-edge-free rooted non-separable planar maps. We also use the bijection between rooted non-separable planar maps and a certain class of permutations, found by Claesson, Kitaev and Steingrimsson in 2009, to show that the number of 2-faces (excluding the root-face) in a map equals the number of occurrences of a certain mesh pattern in the permutations. We further show that this number is also the number of nodes in the corresponding beta(1,0)-tree that are single children with maximum label. Finally, we give asymptotics for some of our enumerative results.

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arXiv2012

Enumeration of fixed points of an involution on $β(1,0)$-trees

$β(1,0)$-trees provide a convenient description of rooted non-separable planar maps. The involution $h$ on $β(1,0)$-trees was introduced to prove a complicated equidistribution result on a class of pattern-avoiding permutations. In this paper, we describe and enumerate fixed points of the involution $h$. Intriguingly, the fixed points are equinumerous with the fixed points under taking the dual map on rooted non-separable planar maps, even though the fixed points do not go to each other under the know (natural) bijection between the trees and the maps.

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arXiv2012

Crucial and bicrucial permutations with respect to arithmetic monotone patterns

A pattern $τ$ is a permutation, and an arithmetic occurrence of $τ$ in (another) permutation $π=π_1π_2...π_n$ is a subsequence $π_{i_1}π_{i_2}...π_{i_m}$ of $π$ that is order isomorphic to $τ$ where the numbers $i_1<i_2<...<i_m$ form an arithmetic progression. A permutation is $(k,\ell)$-crucial if it avoids arithmetically the patterns $12... k$ and $\ell(\ell-1)... 1$ but its extension to the right by any element does not avoid arithmetically these patterns. A $(k,\ell)$-crucial permutation that cannot be extended to the left without creating an arithmetic occurrence of $12... k$ or $\ell(\ell-1)... 1$ is called $(k,\ell)$-bicrucial. In this paper we prove that arbitrary long $(k,\ell)$-crucial and $(k,\ell)$-bicrucial permutations exist for any $k,\ell\geq 3$. Moreover, we show that the minimal length of a $(k,\ell)$-crucial permutation is $\max(k,\ell)(\min(k,\ell)-1)$, while the minimal length of a $(k,\ell)$-bicrucial permutation is at most $2\max(k,\ell)(\min(k,\ell)-1)$, again for $k,\ell\geq3$.

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arXiv2012

An involution on β(1,0)-trees

In [Decompositions and statistics for β(1,0)-trees and nonseparable permutations, Advances Appl. Math. 42 (2009) 313--328] we introduced an involution, h, on β(1,0)-trees. We neglected, however, to prove that h indeed is an involution. In this note we provide the missing proof. We also refine an equidistribution result given in the same paper.

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arXiv2012

Harmonic numbers, Catalan's triangle and mesh patterns

The notion of a mesh pattern was introduced recently, but it has already proved to be a useful tool for description purposes related to sets of permutations. In this paper we study eight mesh patterns of small lengths. In particular, we link avoidance of one of the patterns to the harmonic numbers, while for three other patterns we show their distributions on 132-avoiding permutations are given by the Catalan triangle. Also, we show that two specific mesh patterns are Wilf-equivalent. As a byproduct of our studies, we define a new set of sequences counted by the Catalan numbers and provide a relation on the Catalan triangle that seems to be new.

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arXiv2012

Quadrant marked mesh patterns in alternating permutations II

This paper is continuation of the systematic study of distribution of quadrant marked mesh patterns initiated in "S. Kitaev and J. Remmel, Quadrant marked mesh patterns, J. Integer Sequences 12, Issue 4 (2012), Article 12.4.7.". We study quadrant marked mesh patterns on up-down and down-up permutations.

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arXiv2012

Quadrant marked mesh patterns in alternating permutations

This paper is continuation of the systematic study of distribution of quadrant marked mesh patterns. We study quadrant marked mesh patterns on up-down and down-up permutations, also known as alternating and reverse alternating permutations, respectively. In particular, we refine classic enumeration results of André on alternating permutations by showing that the distribution of the quadrant marked mesh pattern of interest is given by $(\sec(xt))^{1/x}$ on up-down permutations of even length and by $\int_0^t (\sec(xz))^{1+\frac{1}{x}}dz$ on down-up permutations of odd length.

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arXiv2012

Simple marked mesh patterns

In this paper we begin the first systematic study of distributions of simple marked mesh patterns. Mesh patterns were introduced recently by Brändén and Claesson in connection with permutation statistics. We provide explicit generating functions in several general cases, and develop recursions to compute the numbers in question in some other cases. Certain $q$-analogues are discussed. Moreover, we consider two modifications of the notion of a marked mesh pattern and provide enumerative results for them.

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arXiv2011

A Spectral Approach to Consecutive Pattern-Avoiding Permutations

We consider the problem of enumerating permutations in the symmetric group on $n$ elements which avoid a given set of consecutive pattern $S$, and in particular computing asymptotics as $n$ tends to infinity. We develop a general method which solves this enumeration problem using the spectral theory of integral operators on $L^{2}([0,1]^{m})$, where the patterns in $S$ has length $m+1$. Kre\uın and Rutman's generalization of the Perron--Frobenius theory of non-negative matrices plays a central role. Our methods give detailed asymptotic expansions and allow for explicit computation of leading terms in many cases. As a corollary to our results, we settle a conjecture of Warlimont on asymptotics for the number of permutations avoiding a consecutive pattern.

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arXiv2011

Enumerating (2+2)-free posets by indistinguishable elements

A poset is said to be (2+2)-free if it does not contain an induced subposet that is isomorphic to 2+2, the union of two disjoint 2-element chains. Two elements in a poset are indistinguishable if they have the same strict up-set and the same strict down-set. Being indistinguishable defines an equivalence relation on the elements of the poset. We introduce the statistic maxindist, the maximum size of a set of indistinguishable elements. We show that, under a bijection of Bousquet-Melou et al., indistinguishable elements correspond to letters that belong to the same run in the so-called ascent sequence corresponding to the poset. We derive the generating function for the number of (2+2)-free posets with respect to both maxindist and the number of different strict down-sets of elements in the poset. Moreover, we show that (2+2)-free posets P with maxindist(P) at most k are in bijection with upper triangular matrices of nonnegative integers not exceeding k, where each row and each column contains a nonzero entry. (Here we consider isomorphic posets to be equal.) In particular, (2+2)-free posets P on n elements with maxindist(P)=1 correspond to upper triangular binary matrices where each row and column contains a nonzero entry, and whose entries sum to n. We derive a generating function counting such matrices, which confirms a conjecture of Jovovic, and we refine the generating function to count upper triangular matrices consisting of nonnegative integers not exceeding k and having a nonzero entry in each row and column. That refined generating function also enumerates (2+2)-free posets according to maxindist. Finally, we link our enumerative results to certain restricted permutations and matrices.

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arXiv2011

On the Representability of Line Graphs

A graph G=(V,E) is representable if there exists a word W over the alphabet V such that letters x and y alternate in W if and only if (x,y) is in E for each x not equal to y. The motivation to study representable graphs came from algebra, but this subject is interesting from graph theoretical, computer science, and combinatorics on words points of view. In this paper, we prove that for n greater than 3, the line graph of an n-wheel is non-representable. This not only provides a new construction of non-representable graphs, but also answers an open question on representability of the line graph of the 5-wheel, the minimal non-representable graph. Moreover, we show that for n greater than 4, the line graph of the complete graph is also non-representable. We then use these facts to prove that given a graph G which is not a cycle, a path or a claw graph, the graph obtained by taking the line graph of G k-times is guaranteed to be non-representable for k greater than 3.

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arXiv2010

Boolean complexes for Ferrers graphs

In this paper we provide an explicit formula for calculating the boolean number of a Ferrers graph. By previous work of the last two authors, this determines the homotopy type of the boolean complex of the graph. Specializing to staircase shapes, we show that the boolean numbers of the associated Ferrers graphs are the Genocchi numbers of the second kind, and obtain a relation between the Legendre-Stirling numbers and the Genocchi numbers of the second kind. In another application, we compute the boolean number of a complete bipartite graph, corresponding to a rectangular Ferrers shape, which is expressed in terms of the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Finally, we analyze the complexity of calculating the boolean number of a Ferrers graph using these results and show that it is a significant improvement over calculating by edge recursion.

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arXiv2010

Pattern avoidance in partial permutations

Motivated by the concept of partial words, we introduce an analogous concept of partial permutations. A partial permutation of length n with k holes is a sequence of symbols $π= π_1π_2 ... π_n$ in which each of the symbols from the set {1,2,...,n-k} appears exactly once, while the remaining k symbols of $π$ are "holes". We introduce pattern-avoidance in partial permutations and prove that most of the previous results on Wilf equivalence of permutation patterns can be extended to partial permutations with an arbitrary number of holes. We also show that Baxter permutations of a given length k correspond to a Wilf-type equivalence class with respect to partial permutations with (k-2) holes. Lastly, we enumerate the partial permutations of length n with k holes avoiding a given pattern of length at most four, for each n >= k >= 1.

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arXiv2010

Enumerating (2+2)-free posets by the number of minimal elements and other statistics

An unlabeled poset is said to be (2+2)-free if it does not contain an induced subposet that is isomorphic to 2+2, the union of two disjoint 2-element chains. Let $p_n$ denote the number of (2+2)-free posets of size $n$. In a recent paper, Bousquet-Mélou et al.\cite{BCDK} found, using so called ascent sequences, the generating function for the number of (2+2)-free posets of size $n$: $P(t)=\sum_{n \geq 0} p_n t^n = \sum_{n\geq 0} \prod_{i=1}^{n} (1-(1-t)^i)$. We extend this result in two ways. First, we find the generating function for (2+2)-free posets when four statistics are taken into account, one of which is the number of minimal elements in a poset. Second, we show that if $p_{n,k}$ equals the number of (2+2)-free posets of size $n$ with $k$ minimal elements, then $P(t,z)=\sum_{n,k \geq 0} p_{n,k} t^n z^k = 1+ \sum_{n \geq 0} \frac{zt}{(1-zt)^{n+1}} \prod_{i=1}^n (1-(1-t)^i)$. The second result cannot be derived from the first one by a substitution. On the other hand, $P(t)$ can easily be obtained from $P(t,z)$ thus providing an alternative proof for the enumeration result in \cite{BCDK}. Moreover, we conjecture a simpler form of writing $P(t,z)$. Our enumeration results are extended to certain restricted permutations and to regular linearized chord diagrams through bijections in \cite{BCDK,cdk}. Finally, we define a subset of ascent sequences counted by the Catalan numbers and we discuss its relations with (2+2)- and (3+1)-free posets.

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arXiv2010

Decompositions and statistics for beta(1,0)-trees and nonseparable permutations

The subject of pattern avoiding permutations has its roots in computer science, namely in the problem of sorting a permutation through a stack. A formula for the number of permutations of length n that can be sorted by passing it twice through a stack (where the letters on the stack have to be in increasing order) was conjectured by West, and later proved by Zeilberger. Goulden and West found a bijection from such permutations to nonseparable planar maps, and later, Jacquard and Schaeffer presented a bijection from these planar maps to certain labeled plane trees, called beta(1,0)-trees. Using generating trees, Dulucq, Gire and West showed that nonseparable planar maps are equinumerous with permutations avoiding the (classical) pattern 2413 and the barred pattern 41\bar{3}52; they called these permutations nonseparable. We give a new bijection between beta(1,0)-trees and permutations avoiding the dashed patterns 3-1-4-2 and 2-41-3. These permutations can be seen to be exactly the reverse of nonseparable permutations. Our bijection is built using decompositions of the permutations and the trees, and it translates seven statistics on the trees into statistics on the permutations. Among the statistics involved are ascents, left-to-right minima and right-to-left maxima for the permutations, and leaves and the rightmost and leftmost paths for the trees. In connection with this we give a nontrivial involution on the beta(1,0)-trees, which specializes to an involution on unlabeled rooted plane trees, where it yields interesting results. Lastly, we conjecture the existence of a bijection between nonseparable permutations and two-stack sortable permutations preserving at least four permutation statistics.

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