The UK Infrared Telescope M33 monitoring project. VI. Feedback from dusty stellar winds across the galactic disc
We have conducted a near-infrared monitoring campaign at the UK InfraRed Telescope (UKIRT), of the Local Group spiral galaxy M33 (Triangulum). In this sixth paper of the series, we measure the dust and gas mass-loss rates by the pulsating Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars and red supergiants (RSGs) across the stellar disc of M33. We combined our time-averaged near-IR photometry with the multi-epoch mid-IR photometry obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, and employed a combination of spectral energy distribution modelling and scaling relations. We found that the mass-loss rate is approximately proportional to luminosity (birth mass), with additional weaker dependence on pulsation period and/or amplitude (reflecting stellar evolution). As a population, AGB stars contribute most to the mass return into the interstellar medium (ISM). Super-AGB stars also reach very high mass-loss rates, in excess of $10^{-4}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. The mass loss of RSGs appears to be subject to different modes, with rates well below, around, and well above the nuclear burning timescale. The timescale for the dominant mass loss phase is $\sim0.6$-$2\times10^5$ yr, shorter than the thermal-pulsing AGB or RSG phases. The rate at which stars return mass to the ISM, $\sim0.1$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ is about four times lower than the star formation rate, which would deplete the current ISM mass within about a Gyr, thus requiring additional, external gas supplies to sustain the long-term future of star formation in M33.